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Effects of E. coli and S. aureus infection on levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in milk. An ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of TNF-α (A) and IL-1β (B) in milk obtained from quarters infused with saline, E. coli, or S. aureus. Mean (± standard error) TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations are shown. * and #, significantly increased in E. coli- or S. aureus-infected quarters, respectively, relative to time zero (P < 0.05).
