Table 2.
Rating scale scores (self-report and clinician ratings)
| Treatment Group (n = 11) | Waitlist Control Group (n = 9) | p-value | Cohen’s d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 8 Week Assessment | Baseline | 8 Week Assessment | |||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
| ADHD Symptoms (self-report) | ||||||
| Inattention | 26.46 (4.85) | 17.27 (4.88) | 27.44 (3.68) | 26.11 (5.01) | .002 | 1.66 |
| Hyperactive-Impulsive | 23.09 (5.32) | 13.73 (3.66) | 20.56 (3.54) | 20.11 (5.49) | .001 | 1.76 |
| ADHD Symptoms (clinician) | ||||||
| Inattention | 29.00 (3.63) | 17.18 (4.26) | 27.78 (3.42) | 27.44 (3.84) | <.001 | 3.14 |
| Hyperactive-Impulsive | 22.27 (6.71) | 13.46 (2.77) | 18.89 (4.20) | 17.67 (4.64) | .008 | 1.35 |
| ADHD Functioning (self) | 28.64 (6.10) | 18.55 (3.86) | 26.11 (5.30) | 26.33 (6.61) | .002 | 1.66 |
| ADHD Functioning (clinician) | 26.73 (4.34) | 18.91 (3.62) | 26.56 (4.36) | 25.89 (6.01) | .003 | 1.52 |
| DEFS (self-report) | ||||||
| Total | 238.36 (41.41) | 174.36 (29.32) | 224.78 (39.81) | 215.44 (31.72) | .005 | 1.45 |
| Self-Management to Time | 68.55 (12.90) | 48.73 (9.01) | 68.00 (8.86) | 65.22 (8.57) | <.001 | 1.90 |
| Self-Organization | 61.00 (16.06) | 45.09 (9.28) | 57.67 (12.68) | 56.89 (9.93) | .03 | 1.09 |
| Self-Discipline | 47.09 (11.23) | 36.18 (6.54) | 40.44 (8.34) | 40.67 (8.53) | .03 | 1.04 |
| Self-Motivation | 29.09 (11.26) | 22.46 (7.58) | 32.56 (6.69) | 29.67 (6.61) | .12 | 0.73 |
| Self-Regulation of Emotion | 32.64 (11.65) | 21.91 (5.01) | 26.11 (9.60) | 23.00 (7.38) | .10 | 1.09 |
| DEFS (clinician) | ||||||
| Total | 52.36 (7.71) | 31.73 (4.67) | 50.22 (8.73) | 48.22 (9.76) | <.001 | 2.67 |
| Self-Management to Time | 13.18 (1.72) | 8.18 (1.94) | 13.33 (1.58) | 12.89 (1.62) | <.001 | 2.91 |
| Self-Organization | 9.46 (3.24) | 6.36 (2.01) | 9.78 (2.64) | 9.33 (3.16) | .01 | 1.30 |
| Self-Discipline | 10.09 (2.70) | 6.00 (1.79) | 8.11 (2.21) | 8.44 (3.01) | .001 | 1.75 |
| Self-Motivation | 9.64 (3.83) | 5.91 (2.07) | 10.22 (2.82) | 9.33 (2.74) | .03 | 1.05 |
| Self-Regulation of Emotion | 10.00 (3.13) | 5.27 (1.49) | 8.78 (3.27) | 8.22 (3.46) | .003 | 1.56 |
| BRIEF-A | ||||||
| Total | 158.36 (15.59) | 137.09 (20.29) | 153.89 (19.30) | 157.89 (18.33) | .003 | 1.55 |
| Inhibit | 18.55 (2.38) | 15.73 (2.83) | 16.00 (2.35) | 16.67 (2.40) | .008 | 1.35 |
| Shift | 12.36 (2.50) | 10.91 (1.64) | 13.11 (3.14) | 14.22 (2.49) | .046 | 0.96 |
| Emotional Control | 20.18 (5.55) | 16.82 (2.79) | 15.44 (4.59) | 15.56 (5.03) | .09 | 0.81 |
| Self-Monitor | 12.91 (2.77) | 9.91 (1.92) | 11.44 (3.05) | 11.89 (2.57) | .001 | 1.72 |
| Behavioral Regulation Index | 64.00 (10.13) | 53.36 (6.33) | 56.00 (9.98) | 58.33 (8.76) | .003 | 1.53 |
| Initiate | 17.64 (3.35) | 16.09 (3.05) | 19.22 (3.03) | 19.56 (2.96) | .10 | 0.78 |
| Working Memory | 18.64 (3.01) | 17.00 (3.22) | 19.89 (2.03) | 20.00 (2.12) | .14 | 0.69 |
| Plan/Organize | 25.18 (2.60) | 22.36 (4.39) | 25.11 (2.32) | 24.44 (3.13) | .15 | 0.67 |
| Task Monitor | 14.91 (1.76) | 13.00 (2.53) | 14.67 (2.18) | 14.22 (2.11) | .07 | 0.85 |
| Organization of Materials | 18.00 (4.96) | 15.46 (5.32) | 19.78 (3.35) | 20.22 (3.19) | .04 | 1.00 |
| Metacognition Index | 94.36 (11.72) | 83.73 (15.31) | 98.67 (10.25) | 98.44 (11.05) | .02 | 1.21 |
| DERS | ||||||
| Total | 99.27 (19.31) | 74.00 (17.03) | 95.78 (21.32) | 91.44 (19.44) | .002 | 1.63 |
| Nonacceptance of Emotion Responses | 15.36 (4.18) | 11.64 (4.37) | 17.11 (7.13) | 14.11 (6.68) | .63 | 0.22 |
| Difficulty Engaging in Goal-Directed Behavior | 18.27 (5.46) | 13.46 (5.37) | 20.33 (3.43) | 18.67 (4.00) | .14 | 0.70 |
| Impulse Control Difficulties | 14.09 (4.61) | 8.73 (2.49) | 11.67 (3.61) | 12.44 (3.75) | .002 | 1.60 |
| Lack of Emotional Awareness | 17.00 (4.05) | 15.18 (4.26) | 16.89 (5.37) | 15.67 (5.17) | .71 | 0.17 |
| Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategies | 20.73 (7.49) | 13.82 (6.18) | 17.44 (6.27) | 18.44 (7.14) | .007 | 1.38 |
| Lack of Clarity | 13.82 (3.49) | 11.18 (3.13) | 12.33 (3.71) | 12.11 (4.43) | .07 | 0.86 |
| Distress Tolerance Scale | ||||||
| Total | 47.00 (13.25) | 59.27 (10.12) | 46.11 (15.96) | 48.44 (13.31) | .01 | 1.27 |
Note. A decrease in scores is indicative of improvement for all rating scales with the exception of the Distress Tolerance Scale (higher scores = higher levels of distress tolerance); DEFS = Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale; BRIEF-A = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Adult Version; DERS = Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.