Serum cytokine profiles related to fibrosis intensity. Levels of IL-1-β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA in serum samples from individuals with schistosomiasis and intense Symmers' fibrosis (F-3) (grey bars) or nonaffected individuals (F-0) (open bars). Horizontal lines represent the median values, boxes represent the 25th to the 75th percentiles, and vertical lines represent the 10th to the 90th percentiles. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05).