Table 2.
Positive and negative affect scores on the PANAS by condition.
| Control | Nature sounds | Urban sounds | Nature pictures | Urban pictures | Nature both | Urban both | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POSITIVE AFFECT | ||||||||
| Pre-test | 32.7 (6.66) | 34.4 (7.23) | 32.6 (5.76) | 33.8 (8.87) | 31.2 (7.05) | 33.2 (6.17) | 28.9 (7.00) | 32.4 (7.08) |
| Post-test | 25.4 (8.11) | 29.0 (8.45) | 27.3 (7.62) | 28.0 (9.74) | 28.4 (7.42) | 29.6 (5.93) | 24.7 (7.72) | 27.4 (7.96) |
| Difference | −7.3 | −5.4 | −5.3 | −5.8 | −2.8 | −3.6 | −4.2 | −4.9c |
| NEGATIVE AFFECT | ||||||||
| Pre-test | 14.2 (4.71) | 19.2 (6.68) | 16.0 (7.06) | 17.8 (6.28) | 16.4 (5.32) | 18.8 (7.78) | 15.6 (6.09) | 16.8 (6.45) |
| Post-test | 15.3 (7.21) | 19.3 (9.25) | 17.4 (7.74) | 19.0 (8.01) | 17.9 (6.73) | 19.9 (8.12) | 16.5 (7.58) | 17.9 (7.83) |
| Difference | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0a |
Positive affect and negative affect scores shown separately. Scores range between 5 and 50, with 5 indicating a low affect in the positive/negative direction, and 50 indicating high affect. Standard deviation is provided in parentheses. There was a main effect of time for both sound and image. However, there were no main effects of condition and there was no interaction.
a
p < 0.05, and
c
p < 0.001.