Table 1. Sex Differences in Response to Influenza Vaccines in Humans and Small Animal Models.
| Dependent measure | Sex difference | Age | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | |||
| Acceptance | F < M | Adults | [52–54] |
| Humoral immune response | F > M | Adults | [55, 56] |
| F > M | Elderly adults | [57, 58] | |
| Cross-reacting antibodies | F > M | Elderly adults | [59] |
| Adverse reactions | F > M | Adults | [55, 60, 61] |
| F > M | Elderly adults | [57, 62] | |
| Animal studies | |||
| Humoral immune response | F > M | Adult C57BL/6 mice | [38] |
| Adverse reactions | F > M | Adult C57BL/6 mice | [38] |
| Cross-protection | F > M | Adult C57BL/6 mice | [38] |
F, Female; M, male.