Table 3.
Associations Between Level of Acculturation (Independent Variable) and Reproductive and Hormonal Risk Factors (Dependent Variable)
| Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | Acculturation level | n (%)a | Crude | Age-adjusted | Education-adjusted | Age- and education-adjustedb |
| Age at menarche, <12 years | Mexican | 93 (16.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 32 (15.9) | 0.99 (0.64–1.54) | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 1.02 (0.65–1.58) | 1.02 (0.66–1.59) | |
| Bilingual | 84 (28.5) | 2.09 (1.49–2.92) | 2.07 (1.47–2.91) | 1.62 (1.11–2.37) | 1.63 (1.12–2.38) | |
| English-dominant | 42 (34.2) | 2.72 (1.76–4.18) | 2.69 (1.74–4.17) | 2.08 (1.30–3.33) | 2.08 (1.30–3.34) | |
| ptrend=0.001 | ||||||
| Nulliparous | Mexican | 55 (9.47) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 12 (5.94) | 0.60 (0.32–1.15) | 0.58 (0.30–1.11) | 0.62 (0.33–1.19) | 0.61 (0.32–1.17) | |
| Bilingual | 32 (10.9) | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 1.10 (0.69–1.75) | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) | 0.79 (0.47–1.33) | |
| English-dominant | 20 (16.3) | 1.86 (1.07–3.23) | 1.74 (1.00–3.05) | 1.25 (0.68–2.29) | 1.24 (0.67–2.27) | |
| ptrend=0.99 | ||||||
| Age at first full-term pregnancy (if parous), ≥30 years | Mexican | 73 (13.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 15 (7.89) | 0.53 (0.27–0.95) | 0.55 (0.31–0.99) | 0.55 (0.30–0.99) | 0.59 (0.33–1.07) | |
| Bilingual | 34 (12.9) | 0.92 (0.59–1.42) | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) | 0.50 (0.30–0.82) | 0.50 (0.30–0.83) | |
| English-dominant | 13 (12.6) | 0.89 (0.58–1.68) | 0.95 (0.50–1.79) | 0.48 (0.24–0.94) | 0.49 (0.25–0.97) | |
| ptrend=0.004 | ||||||
| Parity (if parous), ≥3 pregnancies | Mexican | 382 (72.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 131 (69.0) | 0.84 (0.58–1.20) | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 0.79 (0.54–1.15) | 0.89 (0.61–1.30) | |
| Bilingual | 160 (60.8) | 0.59 (0.43–0.80) | 0.68 (0.49–0.94) | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) | 1.19 (0.82–1.72) | |
| English-dominant | 51 (59.5) | 0.40 (0.24–0.57) | 0.44 (0.28–0.69) | 0.72 (0.45–1.16) | 0.77 (0.48–1.24) | |
| ptrend=0.75 | ||||||
| Time since last pregnancy (among parous, premenopausal women), ≤10 years | Mexican | 77 (35.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 46 (44.2) | 1.45 (0.90–2.34) | 0.57 (0.83–2.94) | 1.56 (0.96–2.53) | 1.76 (0.92–3.35) | |
| Bilingual | 60 (40.3) | 1.23 (0.80–1.89) | 0.95 (0.53–1.70) | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) | 0.66 (0.35–1.25) | |
| English-dominant | 22 (34.9) | 0.98 (0.55–1.77) | 0.67 (0.30–1.47) | 0.72 (0.39–1.35) | 0.45 (0.19–1.02) | |
| ptrend=0.07 | ||||||
| Breastfeeding (if parous), ever | Mexican | 466 (89.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 144 (76.2) | 0.39 (0.25–0.60) | 0.38 (0.24–0.58) | 0.39 (0.25–0.60) | 0.37 (0.24–0.58) | |
| Bilingual | 165 (63.2) | 0.21 (0.14–0.31) | 0.20 (0.14–0.29) | 0.21 (0.14–0.22) | 0.21 (0.14–0.32) | |
| English-dominant | 53 (51.5) | 0.13 (0.08–0.21) | 0.12 (0.08–0.20) | 0.13 (0.08–0.22) | 0.13 (0.08–0.21) | |
| ptrend<0.001 | ||||||
| Lifetime breastfeeding (if parous), ≥6 months | Mexican | 391 (74.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 117 (61.9) | 0.55 (0.39–0.78) | 0.57 (0.40–0.81) | 0.54 (0.38–0.77) | 0.55 (0.39–0.79) | |
| Bilingual | 102 (39.1) | 0.22 (0.16–0.30) | 0.23 (0.16–0.31) | 0.27 (0.19–0.38) | 0.27 (0.19–0.39) | |
| English-dominant | 23 (22.3) | 0.10 (0.06–0.16) | 0.10 (0.06–0.17) | 0.12 (0.07–0.21) | 0.12 (0.07–0.21) | |
| ptrend<0.001 | ||||||
| Age at natural menopause (if postmenopausal), ≥50 years | Mexican | 136 (51.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 31 (46.3) | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | |
| Bilingual | 39 (55.7) | 1.20 (0.71–2.04) | 1.30 (0.76–2.23) | 1.19 (0.66–2.15) | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | |
| English-dominant | 13 (68.4) | 2.07 (0.76–5.61) | 2.23 (0.81–6.14) | 2.05 (0.73–5.71) | 2.00 (0.71–5.67) | |
| ptrend=0.41 | ||||||
| Menopausal hormone therapy use, ever | Mexican | 63 (11.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 19 (9.45) | 0.85 (0.49–1.45) | 1.02 (0.58–1.77) | 0.86 (0.50–1.48) | 1.07 (0.61–1.88) | |
| Bilingual | 57 (19.4) | 1.95 (1.32–2.88) | 2.76 (1.82–4.18) | 1.61 (1.04–2.50) | 1.84 (1.16–2.93) | |
| English-dominant | 20 (16.5) | 1.60 (0.93–2.77) | 2.25 (1.27–4.00) | 1.31 (0.72–2.35) | 1.45 (0.78–2.70) | |
| ptrend=0.04 | ||||||
| Hormone contraception use, ever | Mexican | 304 (52.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spanish-dominant | 99 (49.0) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.77 (0.55–1.07) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.78 (0.56–1.08) | |
| Bilingual | 203 (68.8) | 2.01 (1.50–2.70) | 1.72 (1.27–2.34) | 1.65 (1.19–2.28) | 1.59 (1.14–2.22) | |
| English-dominant | 75 (62.0) | 1.48 (0.99–2.22) | 1.25 (0.83–1.88) | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) | 1.14 (0.73–1.77) | |
| ptrend=0.12 | ||||||
a
Number (and percent) of women within each acculturation group for each risk factor.
b
Age treated as a continuous variable and education as an ordinal variable with categories coded as 0 (<high school), 1 (high school), and 2 (>high school).