Probability of successfully mating when alone with a female for (a) D. subobscura and for (b) D. pseudoobscura, when males were kept singly (single) or with one rival (one rival), four rivals (four rivals), a heterospecific male (heterospecific) or a mated female (mated female) prior to copulation. Different letters represent significant differences within each graph. For statistical results, see the electronic supplementary material, table S1a,b.