Table 2.
Coding of individual variables in the frailty index and their odds ratios of falls during the third year of follow-up
| Variables | Coding |
Falls |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI, P-value)a | n (%)b | ||
|
Co-morbidities (n = 15)
| |||
| Taking/taken five or more medicationsc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.30 (1.07-1.59) 0.008 |
607 (15.23) |
| Has chronic bronchitis or emphysemac |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.40 (1.08-1.81) 0.012 |
307 (7.93) |
| Has osteoarthritis or degenerative joint diseasec |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.53 (1.32-1.78) <0.001 |
1,354 (35.05) |
| Has rheumatoid arthritisc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.45 (1.16-1.81) <0.001 |
447 (11.57) |
| Suffers from strokec |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
2.16 (1.55-3.00) <0.001 |
193 (4.92) |
| Has ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s diseasec |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
2.08 (1.32-3.28) 0.002 |
82 (2.09) |
| Has celiac diseasec |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.20 (0.50-2.88) 0.683 |
25 (0.64) |
| Has Parkinson’s diseasec |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
3.09 (0.98-9.74) 0.054 |
18 (0.46) |
| Has multiple sclerosisc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.28 (0.52-3.17) 0.596 |
22 (0.56) |
| Has cancerc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.06 (0.86-1.32) 0.570 |
502 (12.77) |
| Has diabetes (type-1)c |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.44 (1.00-2.08) 0.053 |
165 (4.22) |
| Has hypertensionc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.14 (0.99-1.32) 0.077 |
2,025 (51.63) |
| Has heart diseasec |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.52 (1.25-1.86) <0.001 |
623 (16.01) |
| Has high cholesterolc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.15 (1.00-1.33) 0.050 |
1,752 (45.03) |
| Self rating of healthd |
Excellent = 0, very good = 0.25, good = 0.5, fair = 0.75, poor = 1 |
2.77 (1.99-3.86) <0.001 |
73 (1.85) |
|
Activities of daily living (ADL) (n = 12)
| |||
| Limitations in vigorous activitiesc |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
1.67 (1.37-2.05) <0.001 |
1,735 (45.49) |
| Limitations in moderate activitiesd |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
2.04 (1.65-2.52) <0.001 |
569 (14.59) |
| Limitations in lifting or carrying groceriesd |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
2.01 (1.61-2.52) <0.001 |
416 (10.62) |
| Limitations in climbing one flight of stairsd |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
2.22 (1.76-2.80) <0.001 |
374 (9.69) |
| Limitations bending, kneeling or stoopingd |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
2.02 (1.66-2.46) <0.001 |
781 (20.12) |
| Limitations walking one hundred yardsd |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
1.97 (1.56-2.48) <0.001 |
378 (9.88) |
| Limitations in bathing or dressing yourselfd |
Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 |
1.88 (1.37-2.59) <0.001 |
154 (3.93) |
| Needs arms to help stand up from a chaird |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.83 (1.57-2.13) <0.001 |
1,495 (37.98) |
| Number of days to walk at least 20 minutes in the past 30 daysd |
≤2 days = 1, >2 days = 0 |
1.21 (1.02-1.43) 0.025 |
1,081 (27.50) |
| Self rating of mobilityd |
Unable = 1, some problem = 0.5, no problem = 0 |
3.05 (2.22-4.18) <0.001 |
1 (0.03) |
| Self rating of self-cared |
Unable = 1, some problem = 0.5, no problem = 0 |
6.83 (3.75-12.43) <0.001 |
4 (0.10) |
| Self rating of usual activitiesd |
Unable = 1, some problem = 0.5, no problem = 0 |
3.60 (2.68-4.84) <0.001 |
56 (1.41) |
|
Symptoms and sig
ns (n = 6) | |||
| Feels full of lifed |
All the time = 0, most of time = 0.25, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.75, none of time = 1 |
3.61 (2.66-4.89) <0.001 |
228 (5.84) |
| Has a lot of energyd |
All the time = 0, most of time = 0.25, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.75, none of time = 1 |
3.91 (2.88-5.31) <0.001 |
263 (6.73) |
| Feels worn outd |
All the time = 1, most of time = 0.75, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.25, none of time = 0 |
3.73 (2.73-5.09) <0.001 |
123 (3.15) |
| Feels tiredd |
All the time = 1, most of time = 0.75, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.25, none of time = 0 |
4.14 (2.98-5.76) <0.001 |
173 (4.40) |
| Self rating of pain/discomfortd |
Extremely = 1, moderate = 0.5, no = 0 |
3.22 (2.43-4.28) <0.001 |
242 (6.15) |
| Unintentional weight loss of 10 poundsc |
Yes = 1, no = 0 |
1.42 (1.12-1.80) 0.004 |
433 (11.01) |
|
Healthcare utilization
(n = 1) | |||
| Times of visiting a healthcare provider to get medical care in the past yearc | None = 0, 1–2 times = 0.33, 3–5 times = 0.67, 6 or more times = 1 | 1.39 (1.28-1.51) <0.001 | 842 (21.43) |
aOR: odds ratio, adjusted for baseline age; CI: confidence interval.
bFor participants whose score was 1 in individual variable.
cOrdinal logistic regression results, p-values of tests for the proportional odds assumption were >0.05.
dBinary logistic regression since proportional odds assumption was not met.