Table 3.
Relationship between frailty index and falls, fractures, death and overnight hospitalizations during the third year of follow-up or during the 3-year follow-up for the whole group and age subgroups
| Outcomes | n (%) |
Age-adjusted models |
Fully-adjusted models |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistics (95% CI)a | P-value | Statistics (95% CI)a | P-value | ||
|
Falls
b
|
1,068 (31.89) |
1.03 (1.03-1.04) |
<0.001 |
1.02 (1.02-1.03) |
<0.001 |
| Women < 65 years |
395 (31.98) |
1.03 (1.02-1.04) |
<0.001 |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
0.001 |
| Women ≥ 65 years |
673 (31.84) |
1.03 (1.02-1.04) |
<0.001 |
1.03 (1.02-1.04) |
<0.001 |
|
Fractures
c
| |||||
| All fractures
d
|
238 (6.36) |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
<0.001 |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
<0.001 |
| Women < 65 years |
71 (5.35) |
1.02 (1.002-1.04) |
0.032 |
1.02 (1.00-1.04) |
0.019 |
| Women ≥ 65 years |
167 (6.92) |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
0.002 |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
0.002 |
| Hip fracture |
18 (0.51)g |
1.04 (1.00-1.07) |
0.041 |
1.04 (1.00-1.07) |
0.051 |
| Women < 65 years |
4 (0.30) |
—k |
—k |
—k |
—k |
| Women ≥ 65 years |
14 (0.58) |
1.03 (0.99-1.07) |
0.201 |
1.02 (0.99-1.07) |
0.230 |
| Spine fracture |
28 (0.79)h |
1.04 (1.01-1.07) |
0.004 |
1.03 (1.00-1.06) |
0.024 |
| Women < 65 years |
6 (0.45) |
—k |
—k |
—k |
—k |
| Women ≥ 65 years |
22 (0.91) |
1.04 (1.01-1.07) |
0.009 |
1.03 (1.00-1.06) |
0.083 |
| Other fractures |
208 (5.56)i |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
<0.001 |
1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
<0.001 |
| Women < 65 years |
65 (4.90) |
1.02 (1.00-1.04) |
0.021 |
1.02 (1.00-1.05) |
0.027 |
| Women ≥ 65 years |
143 (5.92) |
1.02 (1.00-1.03) |
0.008 |
1.02 (1.00-1.03) |
0.015 |
|
Death
e
|
107 (2.69) |
1.04 (1.03-1.06) |
<0.001 |
1.05 (1.03-1.06) |
<0.001 |
| Women < 65 years |
12 (0.87) |
1.04 (0.99-1.08) |
0.093 |
1.05 (1.01-1.10) |
0.028 |
| Women ≥ 65 years |
95 (3.65) |
1.05 (1.03-1.06) |
<0.001 |
1.05 (1.03-1.06) |
<0.001 |
|
Overnight hospitalizations
f
|
347 (8.75)j |
1.03 (1.02-1.04) |
<0.001 |
1.02 (1.02-1.03) |
<0.001 |
| Women < 65 years |
75 (5.43)j |
1.07 (1.06-1.08) |
<0.001 |
1.05 (1.04-1.06) |
<0.001 |
| Women ≥ 65 years | 272 (10.52)j | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.02) | <0.001 |
aStatistics included odds ratio (OR) for falls and death, hazard ratio (HR) for fractures, and incidence rate ratio (IRR) for overnight hospitalization; CI: confidence interval; All statistics measured a change of 0.01 on the frailty index.
bAreas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) are 0.61 for age-adjusted model and 0.69 for fully-adjusted model respectively; Fully-adjusted models used binary logistic regression, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, and baseline falls.
cCox hazards regression; Fully-adjusted models were adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, baseline fracture and family history of fractures.
dIncluded hip, spine, pelvis, ribs, clavicle, wrist, upper arm, ankle, upper leg and lower leg fractures.
eAUC are 0.79 and 0.80 for age-adjusted model and fully-adjusted model respectively; Fully-adjusted models used binary logistic regression, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, and education.
fPoisson regression; Fully-adjusted models were adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, and baseline overnight hospitalization.
gAnalysis excluded women with nonhip fractures.
hAnalysis excluded women with nonspine fractures.
iAnalysis excluded women with hip and spine fractures.
jFor participants spent at least one night in hospital during the third year of follow-up.
kAnalyses could not be conducted because of the limited sample size.