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. 2014 May;29(3):196–202. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00061.2013

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©2014 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.

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FIGURE 4. — Schematic representation of the impact of obesity factors

Schematic representation of the impact of obesity factors (e.g., leptin, insulin, and other stimuli) on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron activity and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) activation in forebrain and brain stem nuclei as well as in the spinal cord IML leading to elevated sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and BP response to stress. α-MSH, α-melanoctyte stimulating hormone; ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; DMV, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; IML, intermediolateral medulla; NTS, nucleus of the tractus solitarius; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.