Table 2.

Summary of GEE Analyses Predicting Longitudinal Drug Use Outcomes

Variables	Alcohol Dependence			Marijuana Dependence			Nicotine Dependence
	Est	SE	p	Est	SE	p	Est	SE	p
Age	0.13	0.12	.26	0.11	0.11	.36	−0.07	0.12	.55
Gender (male=1)	0.67	0.46	.15	1.08	0.46	.02	0.46	0.32	.15
Childhood stimulant medication (yes=1)	−0.02	0.34	.95	−0.11	0.37	.76	0.22	0.31	.48
Childhood conduct problems	0.01	0.01	.69	0.02	0.01	.11	0.01	0.01	.41
Time	0.04	0.35	.90	−0.66	0.40	.10	0.11	0.13	.38
Childhood-limited ADHD a	0.46	0.67	.49	0.16	0.58	.78	0.34	0.40	.41
Persistent ADHD a	1.62	0.64	.01	1.18	0.54	.03	0.99	0.41	.01
Time × Childhood-limited ADHD	−0.40	0.45	.38	−0.16	0.52	.76	−0.13	0.18	.48
Time × Persistent ADHD	−0.33	0.40	.41	−0.02	0.46	.97	0.02	0.16	.89

^aComparison group is normal control.