Table 1.

Description of studies retrieved through systematic search of gestational weight gain in twin pregnancies and evaluation of their quality

Study	Sample and Setting	Controlled for					Results stratified by BMI	GWG based on measured weight 1	Pattern of GWG	U/S conirmed GA
		GA	Pre-gravid BMI	Chorionicity	ART	other co-variates
Studies reviewed2
Bohni et al. 2011 (20)	173 gravidae without preexisting conditions or TTTS who delivered liveborn twins; Swiss hospital 2004–08	✔	✔			✔		✔		✔
Brown & Schloesser 1990 (21)	503 gravidae delivering liveborn twins 38–42 wk; Kansas linked birth-death records 1980–86; 88% White, 8% Black	✔	✔				✔
Chu & D’Angelo 2009 (22)	6345 gravidae delivering liveborn twins at ≥34 weeks; PRAMS data from 28 US states and New York City 2001–06; 69% White, 17% Black, 10% Hispanic	✔	✔			✔	✔
Eller et al. 1993 (24)	80 gravidae delivering twins at ≥28 weeks without TTTS; Charleston, SC 1988–93	✔	✔			✔		✔		✔
Fox et al. 2010 (26)	297 gravidae with pregravid BMI >18.5 who delivered twins at ≥37 weeks and did not transfer care; New York private maternal-fetal medicine practice 2005–09; >90% White	✔	✔					✔		✔
Fox et al. 2011 (27)	170 gravidae with pregravid BMI >18.5 who delivered twins at ≥37 weeks and did not transfer care; New York private maternal-fetal medicine practice 2005–09; >90% White	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔ NL only	✔		✔
Gónzalez-Quintero et al. 2012 (28)	5123 gravidae with pregravid BMI ≥18.5 delivering twins at ≥24 wk; High-risk pregnancies from an Atlanta insurance plan 2004–10; 6.5% Black	✔	✔				✔
Lantz et al. 1996 (30)	189 gravidae without preeclampsia or GDM who delivered liveborn twins; Tampa, Florida hospital 1981–93	✔	✔				✔	✔	✔	✔
Luke & Leurgans 1996 (36)	924 mothers attending Twins Days Festival in Ohio 1989–91, 1993; 100% White	✔	✔			✔
Luke et al. 1993a (38)	163 gravidae delivering liveborn twins at 28–41 weeks without PE or GDM and BMI ≤29.6; Hospitals of Johns Hopkins 1979–89 and Northwestern 1983–89; 34% White, 66% Black	✔	✔			✔		✔	✔	✔
Luke et al. 1993b (35)	222 gravidae delivering liveborn twins at 28–41 weeks without PE or GDM and BMI ≤29.6; Hospitals of Johns Hopkins 1979–89 and Northwestern 1983–89; 34% White, 66% Black	✔	✔				✔	✔	✔
Luke et al. 1998 (37)	1564 gravidae delivering liveborn twins at ≥28 weeks; University hospitals of Johns Hopkins 1979–89, Miami 1990–99, Charleston 1988–99, and Michigan 1993–99; 37% White, 19% Hispanic, 43% Black	✔	✔			✔		✔	✔	✔
Luke et al. 2003 (33)	2324 gravidae delivering liveborn twins at ≥28 weeks; University hospitals of Johns Hopkins 1979–89, Miami 1990–99, Charleston 1988–99, and Michigan 1993–99; 37% White, 19% Hispanic, 43% Black			✔						✔
Luke et al. 2004 (32)	218 gravidae delivering liveborn twins who did not transfer care; University of Michigan Health Systems 1996–2001	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔
Schwendemann et al. 2005 (42)	11,827 gravidae with preterm labor symptoms delivering non-LGA twins; Kentucky database of women with preterm labor symptoms 1988–2002; 14% Black	✔	✔			✔			✔
Studies not reviewed 2
Ayustawati et al. 2003 (19)	186 gravidae delivering twins at >35 weeks; Japan 1993–2000	✔						✔	✔
Colletto & Segre 2005 (23)	381 twin pregnancies; Brazil 1990–99
Fenton & Thirsk 1994 (25)	100 gravidae aged 20–35 years with BMI 19–28 and delivering liveborn twins at ≥36 wk; Alberta, Canada 1980–89	✔						✔	✔	✔
Inde et al. 2010 (29)	340 gravidae delivering twins Tokyo, Japan hospital 2003–08	✔
Lee et al. 2007 (31)	174 gravidae without GDM or hypertension during pregnancy who delivered liveborn twins without congenital anomalies; Korean IVF center 2002–04							✔		✔
Luke et al. 1991 (34)	275 mothers attending Twins Days Festival, Ohio 1989–91, 1993; 100% White
Pederson et al., 1989(39)	217 gravidae delivering twins from a Swedish Hospital Medical Center, Seattle 1982–86; 84% White		✔				✔	✔
Riese et al. 2003 (40)	199 gravidae delivering twins; Kentucky 1984–96							✔
Rydhstroem & Walles 1996 (41)	144 gravidae delivering twins at ≥28 weeks; Swedish medical birth registry 1973–89					✔		✔	✔
Soriano et al. 2002 (43)	44 gravidae delivering twins; Israeli IVF pregnancies 1996							✔		✔
Yeh & Shelton 2007 (44)	1342 gravidae delivering liveborn twins; Upstate New York birth records 1999–2003; 84% White, 12% Black, 2% Hisp		✔			✔

ART, assisted reproductive technologies; BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes; GWG, gestational weight gain; LGA, large-for-gestational-age; PE, preeclampsia; TTTS, twin-twin transfusion syndrome; U/S, ultrasound

¹Based on the last measured weight during pregnancy and self-reported prepregnancy weight.

²Studies were reviewed if they controlled for both gestational age and prepregnancy BMI.