Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients by treatment group
| No Treatment | Informal Treatment Only | Formal Treatment Only | Both Formal and Informal Treatment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=126 | N=12 | N=10 | N=21 | |
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| Variables | Percentage/ Mean (SD) | Percentage/ Mean (SD) | Percentage/ Mean (SD) | Percentage/ Mean (SD) |
| Socio-Economic Variables | ||||
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| Age | 38.6 (9.4) | 37.3 (5.9) | 35.2 (8.0) | 39.7 (7.3) |
| Male | 57 % | 50 % | 50 % | 76 % |
| African American | 79 % | 58 % | 80 % | 86 % |
| Never Married/Single | 77 % | 92 % | 90 % | 86 % |
| High School Graduate | 53 % | 67 % | 50 % | 81 % |
| Employed | 38 % | 42 % | 30 % | 33 % |
| Income Category | ||||
| Less than $10,000 | 33 % | 33 % | 60 % | 48 % |
| $10,000-$19,999 | 37 % | 50 % | 40 % | 33 % |
| $20,000 or more | 30 % | 17 % | 0 % | 19 % |
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| Need Variables | ||||
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| Met lifetime substance dependence criteria (0/1) | 72 % | 83 % | 80 % | 100 % |
| Met lifetime substance abuse criteria (0/1) | 11 % | 8 % | 20 % | 0 % |
| # of drinking days in prior 4 weeks (0-28) | 10.8 (10.3) | 8.2 (9.4) | 11.5 (10.7) | 11.3 (10.8) |
| # of days using cocaine in prior 4 weeks (0-28) | 5.9 (7.5) | 3.0 (2.8) | 12.1 (12.2) | 12.5 (10.4) |
| Number of Medical comorbidities (0-22) | 1.7 (1.9) | 1.8 (1.9) | 1.7 (1.9) | 2.0 (1.66) |
| Psychiatric comorbidities (0-4) | ||||
| Somatization | 1.0 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.7 (1.2) |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 0.8 (0.9) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.5 (1.0) |
| Interpersonal sensitivity | 0.8 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.2) |
| Depression | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.1) |
| Anxiety | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.9) |
| Hostility | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.9) |
| Phobic anxiety | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.9 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.6 (0.7) |
| Paranoid ideation | 0.8 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.1) |
| Psychoticism | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.0 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1) |
| Additional items | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.1) |
| Global severity index | 0.8 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.8) |
| Antisocial personality disorder (0/1) | 26 % | 42 % | 50 % | 43 % |
| SF-36 (0-100) | ||||
| Mental health component score | 53.9 (25.8) | 44.2 (27.7) | 42.0 (21.0) | 41.7 (19.8) |
| Physical health component score | 59.0 (29.0) | 49.3 (27.8) | 53.0 (26.6) | 51.0 (25.5) |
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| Barriers to Care Variables | ||||
|
| ||||
| Geographical/Financial barriers (1-3) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.3(0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.7) |
| Temporal barriers (1-5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1(0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) |
| Stigma barriers (1-5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2(0.4) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.8) |
| Treatment ineffective/unacceptable (1-4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2(0.4) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) |
| Lack of perceived need (1-3) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.2(0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.6) |
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| Cue Variables | ||||
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| Negative life events | 2.93 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.0) | 2.3 (2.5) | 3.4 (2.6) |
| Consequences of Substance Abuse (0-9 scale) | ||||
| Physical consequences | 2.8 (2.8) | 3.1 (3.0) | 5.8 (2.7) | 5.6 (2.9) |
| Interpersonal consequences | 2.6 (3.1) | 3.6 (3.3) | 6.1 (3.1) | 6.4 (3.1) |
| Intrapersonal consequences | 3.6 (3.2) | 3.7 (3.5) | 6.4 (2.7) | 6.7 (2.6) |
| Impulse control consequences | 2.1 (2.2) | 2.0 (2.1) | 3.6 (2.4) | 4.8 (2.5) |
| Social responsibility consequences | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.2 (3.1) | 6.1 (2.9) | 6.5 (2.6) |
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| Readiness to Change Variables | ||||
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| Stages of change | ||||
| Ambivalence/recognition scale (11-55) | 36.8 (12.1) | 39.6 (12.0) | 47.7 (6.7) | 47.4 (7.0) |
| Taking Steps scale (8-40) | 27.6 (7.2) | 29.3 (4.4) | 24.4 (8.0) | 27.2 (7.9) |
| Social Support | ||||
| Average of all types of support (1-5) | 4.2 (0.96) | 4.4 (0.63) | 4.5 (0.65) | 3.7 (1.25) |
| Sobriety support (0-100) | 36.1 (28.6) | 41.3 (31.5) | 51.0 (27.5) | 52.3 (26.6) |
| Prior Treatment | ||||
| Formal treatment in prior 12 months (0/1) | 8 % | 33 % | 10 % | 33 % |
| Informal treatment in prior 12 months (0/1) | 9 % | 42 % | 10 % | 33 % |