Table 4. Selection gradients of growth-related and phenological traits of Trifolium montanum, Ranunculus bulbosus and Briza media under ambient and elevated temperature and F-values of ANCOVA testing for overall selection (Cov) and differences in selection between temperature treatments (Cov × Temp).
| Selection gradients | F-Values of ANCOVA | |||
| ambient | elevated | Cov | Cov × Temp | |
| T. montanum | ||||
| Growth rate | −0.320 | 0.009 | 0.15 | 4.57 |
| SLA | −0.332 | 0.009 | 0.85 | 0.17 |
| Budding start | −0.543 | −0.170 | 10.07** | 0.80 |
| Flowering start | −0.804 | −0.297 | 19.58*** | 1.40 |
| R. bulbosus | ||||
| Growth rate | −0.279 | −0.071 | 4.88 | 1.35 |
| SLA | −0.365 | −0.309 | 12.68** | 0.70 |
| Budding start | −0.119 | −0.145 | 0.94 | 0.04 |
| Flowering start | −0.236 | −0.309 | 4.50 | 0.23 |
| B. media | ||||
| Growth rate | 0.044 | 0.079 | 20.70*** | 0.02 |
| SLA | −0.040 | 0.025 | 0.38 | 3.38 |
Selection gradients are expressed as standardized regression coefficients after regression of the fitness measures total biomass (T. montanum, R. bulbosus) and above ground biomass (B. media) on the respective trait. All calculations are based on individual plant values. Bonferroni-corrected significance levels are indicated by asterisks: ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05.