Table 3.
Relationships between socio-background characteristics and health behaviors among older people in India
|
Smoking
n
= 1675 |
Physical inactivity (vigorous)
n
= 1675 |
Physical inactivity (moderate)
n
= 1683 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR | Adjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
| Punjab (urban) |
0.060 (0.022–0.159)*** |
2.220 (1.303–3.781)** |
7.738 (4.600–13.017)*** |
| Punjab (rural) |
0.042 (0.021–0.085)*** |
2.081 (1.397–3.100)*** |
4.533 (3.113–6.602)*** |
| Rajasthan (urban) |
0.329 (0.160–0.677)** |
2.758 (1.472–5.167)** |
11.167 (6.075–20.527)*** |
| Rajasthan (rural) |
0.298 (0.182–0.486)*** |
1.260 (0.837–1.896) |
4.479 (2.991–6.709)*** |
| Kerala (urban) |
0.972 (0.568–1.662) |
1.175 (0.733–1.884) |
0.647 (0.398–1.053) |
| Karnataka (urban) |
0.370 (0.204–0.672)*** |
1.966 (1.203–3.212)** |
4.422 (2.825–6.921)*** |
| Karnataka (rural) |
0.564 (0.354–0.899)* |
1.623 (1.086–2.427)* |
3.295 (2.242–4.844)*** |
| Tribe |
0.476 (0.227–0.995)* |
1.824 (1.031–3.227)* |
2.220 (1.213–4.062)** |
| No caste or tribe |
1.221 (0.541–2.757) |
0.655 (0.342–1.256) |
0.281 (0.140–0.566)*** |
| Gender (female) |
0.075 (0.052–0.110)*** |
3.317 (2.574–4.273)*** |
0.601 (0.473–0.765)*** |
| Age |
1.009 (0.996–1.024) |
0.979 (0.691–1.388)*** |
1.062 (0.776–1.454)*** |
| Marital status (single) |
1.351 (0.873–2.088) |
1.050 (1.037–1.062) |
1.043 (1.032–1.055) |
| Educational level (low) |
2.609 (1.784–3.814)*** |
0.777 (0.583–1.037) |
1.594 (1.212–2.095)*** |
| Model χ2 |
420.380*** |
160.087*** |
374.369*** |
| −2 log likelihood |
1163.329 |
1793.333 |
1899.906 |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.363 | 0.132 | 0.270 |
*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001. Reference groups for region and caste/tribe affiliation were Kerala (rural) and caste, respectively (largest groups). OR, odds ratio.