Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of bio-demographic, socio economic and behavior risk factors associated with hypertension among Kabul citizens (n = 1183)
| Variables | Hypertensive | Non-hypertensive | Odds ratio | % 95 CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age in years | ||||
| 40 – 49 |
231 (33.4) |
460 (66.6) |
1 |
Reference |
| 50 – 59 |
143 (59.1) |
99 (40.9) |
2.87 |
2.13 – 3.88 |
| 60 – 69 |
112 (70.4) |
47 (29.6) |
4.74 |
3.26 – 6.90 |
| 70 and over |
55 (74.3) |
19 (25.7) |
5.76 |
3.43 – 9.94 |
|
Sex | ||||
| Males |
178 (44.9) |
218 (55.1) |
1 |
Reference |
| Females |
368 (46.8) |
419 (53.2) |
1.07 |
0.84 – 1.37 |
|
Level of education | ||||
| literate |
363 (53.8) |
312 (46.2) |
2.06 |
1.63 – 2.61 |
| Illiterate |
183 (36.0) |
325 (64.0) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Monthly income | ||||
| ≤ 200USD |
247 (47.1) |
277 (52.9) |
1.07 |
0.85 – 1.35 |
| >200USD |
299 (45.4) |
360 (54.6) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Work status | ||||
| Government employee |
90 (34.6) |
170 (65.4) |
1 |
Ref |
| Business |
21 (35.6) |
38 (64.4) |
1.04 |
0.57 – 1.88 |
| Famer |
28 (44.4) |
35 (55.6) |
1.51 |
0.86 – 2.64 |
| Jobless |
245 (51.9) |
227 (48.1) |
2.04 |
1.49 – 2.78 |
| Housewife |
137 (47.2) |
153 (52.8) |
3.37 |
1.67 – 6.81 |
| Unable to work |
25 (64.1) |
14 (35.9) |
1.69 |
1.20 – 2.38 |
|
Knowledge of blood pressure | ||||
| Yes |
94 (48.2) |
101 (51.8) |
1 |
Ref |
| No |
452 (45.7) |
536 (54.3) |
0.9 |
0.66 – 1.23 |
|
Smoking status | ||||
| Current smoker |
23 (37.7) |
38 (62.3) |
0.72 |
0.42 – 1.22 |
| Ever smoker |
51 (53.7) |
44 (46.3) |
1.37 |
0.90 – 2.10 |
| Never smoker |
465 (45.7) |
553(54.3) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Snuff using | ||||
| Current user |
58 (55.2) |
47 (44.8) |
1.51 |
1.01 – 2.26 |
| Ever user |
13 (52.0) |
12 (48.0) |
1.32 |
0.59 – 2.93 |
| Never user |
469 (45.0) |
574 (55.0) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Walking by foot to work station | ||||
| No |
214 (49.3) |
220(50.7) |
1.22 |
0.96 – 1.55 |
| Yes |
331 (44.3) |
416 (55.7) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Going by car to work | ||||
| No |
523 (47.1) |
587 (52.9) |
1.89 |
1.14 – 3.15 |
| Yes |
23 (31.9) |
49 (68.1) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Going by public Transport to work | ||||
| No |
528 (47.0) |
596 (53.0) |
2.01 |
1.14 – 3.55 |
| Yes |
18 (30.5) |
41 (69.5) |
1 |
Reference |
|
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| No |
455 (44.3) |
571 (55.7) |
1 |
Reference |
| Yes |
91 (58.0) |
66 (42.0) |
1.7 |
1.23 – 2.43 |
|
General obesity cut off BMI = 30 | ||||
| No |
324 (40.3) |
480 (59.7) |
1 |
Reference |
| Yes |
222 (58.6) |
157 (41.4) |
1.73 |
1.23 – 2.43 |
|
Central obesity B | ||||
| No |
169 (35.1) |
312 (64.9) |
1 |
Reference |
| Yes |
370 (53.9) |
317 (46.1) |
2.15 |
1.69 – 2.73 |
|
Frequency of eating rice in a month | ||||
| ≤ 6 times per month |
439 (45.4) |
529 (54.6) |
1 |
Reference |
| >6 times/month |
44 (34.9) |
82 (65.1) |
1.54 |
1.05 – 2.27 |
|
Frequency of walking per week in hours | ||||
| < 10 hours per week |
202 (53.9) |
173 (46.1) |
1 |
Reference |
| 10-30 hours/week |
274 (43.8) |
351 (56.2) |
0.66 |
0.51 – 0.86 |
| ≥ 30 hours/week | 68 (38.6) | 108 (61.4) | 0.50 | 0.37 – 0.77 |