Table 3. Summary of gray matter volume differences.

	Brain region	ANCOVA F/p	Smoker SCZ	Non-smoker SCZ	HC	Total adjusted R²
Main analysis	Right hippocampus	5.02/0.008	4256.9 (529.5) ^a ^*	4514.9 (580.2) ^b	4663.0 (490.9) ^c ^**	0.448
	Left hippocampus	3.82/0.024	4003.5 (465.8) ^a	4160.3 (530.1) ^b	4325.9 (440.0) ^c ^*	0.423
	Right DLPFC	5.95/0.003	19569.3 (3656.6) ^a ^*	21183.5 (3622.4) ^b	22555.6 (2720.7) ^c ^**	0.568
	Left DLPFC	5.56/0.005	19856.1 (3110.0) ^a ^*	21394.5 (3285.2) ^b	22560.1 (2799.4) ^c ^**	0.555

Secondary analysis	Right STG	2.86/0.060	11647.7 (1492.4) ^a	12237.6 (1961.0) ^b	12924.6 (1559.5) ^c	0.449
	Left STG	1.62/0.200	12500.0 (1936.8) ^a	12900.2 (2106.1) ^b	13789.4 (1690.7) ^c	0.490
	Right Amygdala	7.43/0.001	1701.2 (193.5) ^a ^**	1853.7 (263.3) ^b	1858.0 (232.3) ^c ^*	0.496
	Left Amygdala	1.53/0.219	1701.4 (238.6) ^a	1795.2 (284.7) ^b	1800.1 (229.6) ^c	0.423
	Right Thalamus	2.62/0.075	7127.3 (949.5) ^a	7529.0 (1064.8) ^b	7611.4 (979.7) ^c	0.598
	Left Thalamus	3.21/0.043	7120.8 (851.4) ^a	7561.9 (1157.3) ^b	7670.4 (986.8) ^c	0.568

Means and standard deviations are given in mm³. HC = healthy controls; SCZ = patients with schizophrenia. Statistics are based on ANCOVA models (covarying for age, gender, ICV and site-specific scanner field strength) and if appropriate Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc comparisons between smoker SCZ patients, non-smoker SCZ patients and HC are displayed.

comparison between smoker SCZ and non-smoker SCZ patients;

comparison between non-smoker SCZ patients and HC;

comparison between smoker SCZ patients and HC.

p<0.05;

^**

p<0.01.