Table 8. Prices of pentavalent vaccines paid by the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization, 2001–2014.

Year	Number of suppliers			Mean pricea (US$/dose)	Comments
	MNCs	BRICS	Other
2001	1 (GSK)	0	0	3.50
2004	1 (GSK)	0	0	3.56	Lyophilized vaccine, with limited supply
2006	2 (Crucell and GSK)	0	0	3.50	New supply from Crucell, with more desirable, liquid presentation
2009	2 (Crucell and GSK)	2 (Panacea and Shantha)	0	3.20	Shantha supplied 2008–July 2010
2010	2 (Crucell and GSK)	2 (Panacea and Shantha)	0	3.00	Panacea supplied 2008–May 2011
2011	2 (Crucell and GSK)	2 (Panacea and Serum Institute of India)	0	2.58
2012	2 (Crucell and GSK)	2 (Biological E. and Serum Institute of India)	0	2.17	10-dose presentation supplied by Serum Institute of India. GSK product with limited supply
2014	2 (Crucell and GSK)	2 (Biological E. and Serum Institute of India)	1 (LG Life Sciences)	1.78 or 1.95b	10-dose vials from Biological E (at US$ 1.19/dose) and Serum Institute of India at (US$ 1.75–2.10/dose). Lyophilized product in 2-dose vials from LG Life Sciences (at US$ 1.98/dose)

BRICS: Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa; GSK: GlaxoSmithKline; MNCs: multinational corporations; US$: United States dollars.

^a Weighted, when there was more than one supplier, by the number of doses bought from each supplier.

^b Depending on presentation, with higher mean price for lyophilized product.

Data sources: Milstien and Kaddar (2010),³⁹ United Nations Children’s Fund²³ and World Health Organization.^9,40