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. 2014 May 29;5(5):e1263. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.206

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Copyright © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Upregulation of Elf3 in CRC and its association with poor survival. (a) Immunofluorescence of Elf3 in normal and CRC tissues. Elf3 is labeled in green, and cell nucleus is stained by DAPI in blue. Scale bars indicate 100 μm in normal panels (400 × ). (b) Statistics of Elf3 protein expression levels in normal and CRC tissues. The level of Elf3 protein was estimated according to immunofluorescence intensity and compared between normal and cancer tissues (P<0.001, paired t-test). (c) Amplification of ELF3 gene in the genome of CRC tissues. The CNV data were obtained from CRC cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the plot shows mean CNV of each gene in the indicated genomic region (1q32.1). Elf3 sits in a peak for gained CNV in the region. (d) The copy number variations of ELF3 gene in all patients from the TCGA CRC cohort are shown in the plot (log2 ratios, cancer versus normal). Patients are ranked according to CNV of ELF3 gene, and putative copy numbers are indicated on the right (het-loss, diploid or gain). (e) Gained CNV of ELF3 gene associates with upregulated mRNA expression. The plot shows ELF3 mRNA levels (obtained from microarray data) in patients bearing different copy numbers of ELF3 gene (het-loss, diploid or gain). Significantly higher ELF3 mRNA levels are found in patients carrying gained ELF3 copy numbers (P<0.01, Mann–Whitney test). (f) The ELF3 mRNA level is progressively upregulated in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer tissues. The expression of ELF3 mRNA was obtained from the Isreali cohort (GSE41258), and compared between different groups including normal colorectal epithelium, primary CRC, and metastatic CRC (P<0.01, Mann–Whitney test). (g) Kaplan–Meier survival plot of patients stratified by Elf3 protein expression level. In this 7-year follow-up study, patients expressing higher level of ArhGAP30 displayed shorter overall survival than the other patients (P=0.03, Kaplan–Meier survival test). (h) Association between Elf3 expression and survival of CRC patients in an independent validation dataset (Israeli cohort, 10-year follow-up). The CRC patients were stratified according to mRNA Elf3 expression level (median split) into Elf3-high and Elf3-low groups. Patients expressing high-Elf3 level displayed significantly shorter survival (P=0.009, Kaplan–Meier survival test)