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Immunotherapy to enhance immune responses (1) or inhibit immune dysfunction (2) should be studied alongside therapeutic vaccination (3) in order to develop a functional cure consisting of controlled immune responses and repressed viral replication. Abbreviations: CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; IL, interleukin; iMiD, immunomodulatory drug; PD-1, programmed cell death-1.
