Table 1. Selected recent immunotherapy for HIV-1 infection.

Immunotherapy	Treatment	Responses	Reference
Promoting immune responses
Cytokines	IL-2 during ART treatment interruptions	No evidence of improved HIV-1-specific immunity	[35]
	IL-7 dose escalation trial in ART-treated patients	Increases in CD4+ T-cell numbers	[37]
	IL-21 administered to SIV-infected Rhesus macaques	Increases in natural killer-cell and CD8+ T-cell function and Th17 cells and a reduction in bacterial translocation and immune activation	[38,39]
Drugs	Immunomodulatory drugs	Enhanced T-cell responses to dendritic cells electroporated with GAG or NEF mRNA	[46]
Correcting immune activation and dysfunction
Drugs	Aspirin	Reductions in CD38, HLA-DR, and sCD14	[40]
	COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib	Celecoxib reduced the expression CD38 and inflammatory markers	[41]
Antibodies	Anti-PD-1	Blocking PD-1 results in increased cytokine expression in HIV-1 patients	[27]
	Anti-CLTA4 treatment of SIV-infected macaques	Decreased TGF-β, IDO, and viral RNA in SIV-infected macaques	[30]
	Anti-CCR5 Maraviroc	Reduction in CD38 HLA-DR-expressing CD4+ T cells and normalized CD8+ T-cell skewing	[32]
Probiotics	Symbiotic plus dietary fiber	No alteration in bacterial translocation	[48]
	Prebiotic and probiotic	Reductions in bacterial DNA, CD4+ T-cell counts, and IL-6	[49]

ART, antiretroviral therapy; COX-2, cyclooxygenase type 2; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.