Table 1.
Characteristics [n (%)] of South African women 20–30 years of age, 2010–2011, by exposure group.
| Characteristic | Unsprayed villages (n = 175) | Non-DDT IRS households (n = 106) | DDT IRS households (n = 100) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| 20–22 | 65 (37.1) | 36 (34.0) | 35 (35.0) |
| 23–25 | 52 (29.7) | 31 (29.2) | 33 (33.0) |
| 26–28 | 41 (23.4) | 21 (19.8) | 23 (23.0) |
| 29–30 | 17 (9.7) | 18 (17) | 9 (9.0) |
| Married/cohabitating | |||
| No | 107 (61.1) | 64 (60.4) | 70 (70.0) |
| Yes | 68 (38.9) | 42 (39.6) | 30 (30.0) |
| Family income (rand) | |||
| < 1,250 | 38 (21.7) | 33 (31.1) | 22 (22.0) |
| 1,250–1,999 | 41 (23.4) | 29 (27.4) | 28 (28.0) |
| 2,000–3,000 | 42 (24.0) | 25 (23.6) | 29 (29.0) |
| > 3,000 | 54 (30.9) | 19 (17.9) | 21 (21.0) |
| Education (years) | |||
| ≤ 11 | 86 (49.1) | 60 (56.6) | 58 (58.0) |
| 12 | 53 (30.2) | 35 (33.0) | 30 (30.0) |
| > 12 | 36 (20.6) | 11 (10.4) | 12 (12.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| < 21.6 | 47 (26.9) | 21 (19.8) | 24 (24.0) |
| 21.6–24.7 | 45 (25.7) | 29 (27.4) | 25 (25.0) |
| 24.8–28.3 | 41 (23.4) | 31 (29.3) | 25 (25.0) |
| ≥ 28.4 | 42 (24.0) | 25 (23.6) | 26 (26.0) |
| Age at menarche (years) | |||
| 13 | 46 (26.3) | 24 (22.6) | 22 (22.0) |
| 14 | 42 (24.0) | 25 (23.6) | 21 (21.0) |
| 15 | 47 (26.9) | 36 (34.0) | 29 (29.0) |
| > 15 | 40 (22.9) | 21 (19.8) | 28 (28.0) |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous | 40 (22.9) | 21 (19.8) | 12 (12.0) |
| 1 | 85 (48.6) | 50 (47.2) | 55 (55.0) |
| > 1 | 50 (28.6) | 35 (33.0) | 33 (33.0) |
| Total breastfeeding (months) | |||
| 0 | 40 (22.9) | 22 (20.8) | 14 (14.0) |
| 1–18 | 56 (32.0) | 35 (33.0) | 35 (35.0) |
| 19–30 | 39 (22.3) | 23 (21.7) | 24 (24.0) |
| > 30 | 40 (22.9) | 26 (24.5) | 27 (27.0) |
| Water source | |||
| Public tap | 51 (29.1) | 41 (38.7) | 58 (58.0) |
| Piped to yard/home | 124 (70.9) | 65 (61.3) | 42 (42.0) |
| Ever do farmwork | |||
| No | 120 (68.6) | 75 (70.8) | 57 (57.0) |
| Yes | 55 (31.4) | 32 (29.3) | 43 (43.0) |
| Occupational insecticide use | |||
| No | 148 (84.6) | 88 (83.0) | 81 (81.0) |
| Yes | 27 (15.4) | 18 (17.0) | 19 (19.0) |
| Owns livestock | |||
| No | 139 (79.4) | 86 (81.1) | 65 (65.0) |
| Yes | 36 (20.6) | 20 (18.9) | 35 (35.0) |
| Meat consumption | |||
| < 1 time/month | 93 (53.1) | 57 (53.8) | 44 (44.0) |
| 1–4 times/month | 56 (32.0) | 33 (31.1) | 39 (39.0) |
| > 4 times/month | 26 (14.9) | 16 (15.1) | 17 (17.0) |
| Chicken consumption | |||
| ≤ 1 time/week | 43 (24.6) | 25 (23.6) | 29 (29.0) |
| 2 times/week | 40 (22.9) | 24 (22.6) | 19 (19.0) |
| 3 times/week | 42 (24.0) | 31 (29.3) | 19 (19.0) |
| > 3 times/week | 50 (28.6) | 26 (24.5) | 33 (33.0) |
| Egg consumption | |||
| < 1 time/month | 57 (32.6) | 24 (22.6) | 33 (33.0) |
| 1–6 times/month | 67 (38.3) | 45 (42.5) | 39 (39.0) |
| > 6 times/month | 51 (29.1) | 37 (34.9) | 28 (28.0) |
| Milk consumption | |||
| < 1 time/month | 77 (44.0) | 49 (46.2) | 44 (44.0) |
| 1–4 times/month | 61 (34.9) | 32 (30.2) | 29 (29.0) |
| > 4 times/month | 37 (21.1) | 25 (23.6) | 27 (27.0) |
| Butter consumption | |||
| < 1 time/month | 41 (23.4) | 34 (32.1) | 33 (33.0) |
| ≥ 1 time/month and < 1 time/day | 67 (38.3) | 36 (34.0) | 30 (30.0) |
| ≥ 1 time/day | 67 (38.3) | 36 (34.0) | 37 (37.0) |
| Fish consumption | |||
| < 1 time/month | 103 (58.9) | 60 (56.6) | 47 (47.0) |
| 1–4 times/month | 53 (30.3) | 29 (27.4) | 32 (32.0) |
| > 4 times/month | 19 (10.9) | 17 (16.0) | 21 (21.0) |
| Cheese consumption | |||
| < 1 time/month | 148 (84.6) | 97 (91.5) | 89 (89.0) |
| ≥ 1 time/month | 27 (15.4) | 9 (8.5) | 11 (11.0) |
| Pesticide spill in home after IRS | |||
| None | NA | 38 (35.9) | 36 (36.0) |
| A little | NA | 42 (39.6) | 43 (43.0) |
| A lot | NA | 26 (24.5) | 21 (21.0) |
| No. of actions taken before IRS | |||
| < 4 | NA | 38 (35.9) | 29 (29.0) |
| 4–6 | NA | 39 (36.8) | 33 (33.0) |
| > 6 | NA | 29 (27.4) | 38 (38.0) |
| No. of items touched by spray | |||
| < 3 | NA | 35 (33.0) | 29 (29.0) |
| 3–4 | NA | 35 (33.0) | 40 (40.0) |
| > 4 | NA | 36 (34.0) | 31 (31.0) |
| Any pesticide touched open foods | |||
| No | NA | 94 (88.7) | 86 (86.0) |
| Yes | NA | 12 (11.3) | 14 (14.0) |
| Any pesticide touched covering on foods | |||
| No | NA | 81 (76.4) | 74 (74.0) |
| Yes | NA | 25 (23.6) | 26 (26.0) |
| NA, not applicable. | |||