Table 1.
Individual exposures.
| Exposure group | Entire cohorts (n = 32,000) | HELIX subcohort (n = 1,200) | Child Panel Study (1 week in 2 seasons) (n = 150) | Pregnancy Panel Study (1 week in 2 seasons) (n = 150) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB-153, DDE, HCB, PBDE-47 | — | Biomarkers: in stored pregnancy blood samplesa and in newly collected child blood samples. | — | — |
| PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFNA) | — | Biomarkers: in stored pregnancy blood samplesa and in newly collected child blood samples. PBPK models for pregnancy and childhood. | — | |
| Metals (Hg, Pb, and TMS) | — | Biomarkers: in stored pregnancy samplesa and in newly collected child samples: blood (Pb), urine (TMS), and hair (Hg). | — | — |
| Phthalates (13 metabolites) | — | Biomarkers: in stored pregnancy urine samplesb and in newly collected child urine samples (last night and first morning void). | Biomarkers: in daily repeat urine samples. Daily data on diet, cosmetics. PBPK model for DEHP. | Biomarkers: in daily repeat urine samples. Daily data on diet, cosmetics. PBPK model for DEHP. |
| Phenols (BPA, parabens, TCS, BP3) | Biomarkers: in stored pregnancy urine samplesb and in newly collected child urine samples (last night and first morning void). | Biomarkers: in daily repeat urine samples. Daily data on diet, cosmetics. | Biomarkers: in daily repeat urine samples over whole week. Daily data on diet, cosmetics. | |
| OP pesticides | — | Biomarkers: in stored pregnancy urine samplesb and in newly collected child urine samples (last night and first morning void). | Biomarkers: in daily repeat urine samples in two seasons. Daily data on diet and repellent use. | Biomarkers: in daily repeat urine samples in two seasons. Daily data on diet and repellent use. |
| Water DBPs | Estimates available from previous HiWATE project during and after pregnancy. | New questionnaire in children on water consumption and swimming combined with water company data. | Water consumption diaries. | Water consumption diaries. |
| Indoor air: BTEX, NO2, PM2.5 | Existing questionnaire data on indoor sources during and after pregnancy. | New questionnaire in children on cooking, heating, cleaning, and ventilation. | Passive BTEX and NO2 sampling in the home. Active PM2.5 sampling. Questionnaire on cooking, heating, cleaning, and ventilation. | Passive BTEX and NO2 sampling in the home. Active PM2.5 sampling. Questionnaire on cooking, heating, cleaning, and ventilation. |
| ETS | Existing questionnaire and cotinine data during and after pregnancy. | New questionnaire in children. Biomarkers: cotinine measurement in newly collected child urine and/or hair samples. | Questionnaire on ETS. | Questionnaire on ETS. |
| Abbreviations: BP3, benzophenone-3; BPA, bisphenol A; BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene; DBPs, disinfection by-products; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; Hg, mercury; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; OP, organophospate pesticides; Pb, lead; PBDE-47, polybrominated diphenyl ether–47; PCB-153, polychlorinated biphenyl–153; PFAS, perfluoroalkyl substances; PFBS, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; TCS, triclosan; TMS, total metal spectrum. aWhere measurements are available from previous studies, these will be used. bPooling of ≥ 2 urine samples when available. | ||||