Table 2.
Effect of Hypoxia on Inflammatory cytokines and growth factors
| Cytokines/Chemokines | Levels | Reference | Growth factors |
Levels | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 |  |
(166) | VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) | |
|
| TNF-α | |
(167, 168) | FGF (Fibroblast growth factor) | |
(169, 170) |
| IL-1 α, β | |
(167) | PDGF (Platelet-derived growth factor) | |
(171) |
| IL-33 | |
(172) | TGF (Transforming growth factor) | |
(173) |
| IL-8 | |
(174, 175) | EGF* (Epidermal growth factor) | |
(176) |
| IL-18 | |
(177, 178) | HGF** (Hepatocyte growth factor) | |
(179) |
| IL-20 | |
(180) | Pleiotrophin/ NEGF1 (neurite growth-promoting factor 1) | |
(181) |
| MIF (Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | |
((182, 183) | Angiopoetin-1, 2 (Ang-1,2) | |
(184) |
*
Hypoxia promotes ligand-independent EGF receptor signaling
**
Hypoxia enhances c-Met/HGF receptor expression and signaling