Table 2.
Cardiac structure and function according to type of atrial fibrillation
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 971) | Paroxysmal [n = 319 (31)] | Persistent [n = 203 (21)] | Permanent [n = 449 (46)] | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AF during echo | 650 (66.9) | 83 (26.0) | 154 (75.9) | 413 (92.0) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular structure and function | |||||
| LVEF, % | 59 (53, 61) | 59 (57, 61) | 59 (54, 60) | 58 (46, 60) | <0.001 |
| LVEF <50% | 217 (22.4) | 45 (14.1) | 43 (21.2) | 129 (28.7) | <0.001 |
| LV EDVI, mL/m2 | 56 (51, 62) | 56 (51, 62) | 56 (50, 62) | 56 (50, 53) | 0.53 |
| LV ESVI, mL/m2 | 23 (21, 28) | 23 (20, 26) | 24 (20, 28) | 24 (21, 31) | 0.041 |
| LV EDD, cm | 4.6 (4.4, 4.9) | 4.6 (4.3, 4.8) | 4.6 (4.3, 4.8) | 4.7 (4.4, 4.9) | <0.001 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 68 (58, 88) | 68 (57, 84) | 67 (57, 88) | 69 (59, 91) | 0.040 |
| Abnormal LV geometrya | 276 (28.4) | 91 (28.5) | 58 (28.6) | 127 (28.3) | 0.94 |
| LV sphericity index | 1.63 (1.53, 1.75) | 1.68 (1.58, 1.81) | 1.63 (1.54, 1.75) | 1.60 (1.49, 1.71) | <0.001 |
| Left atrial structure and function | |||||
| LA diameter, cm | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 3.4 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 3.7 (3.5, 4.0) | <0.001 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 33 (26, 39) | 28 (24, 35) | 32 (26, 38) | 35 (30, 43) | <0.001 |
| LAVI >29 mL/m2 | 620 (63.9) | 152 (47.7) | 121 (59.6) | 347 (77.3) | <0.001 |
| LA min vol, mL | 41 (29, 54) | 34 (23, 43) | 37 (29, 52) | 47 (35, 60) | <0.001 |
| LA emptying fraction, % | 38 (31, 45) | 42 (35, 49) | 38 (32, 44) | 35 (28, 43) | <0.001 |
| LA expansion index, % | 61 (44, 83) | 74 (53, 96) | 61 (46, 79) | 53 (38, 76) | <0.001 |
| LA pre A vol, mL | 40 (30, 51) | 40 (29, 51) | 41 (32, 50) | 39 (31, 56) | 0.39 |
| LA passive EF, % | 25 (20, 31) | 26 (20, 31) | 22 (18, 29) | 24 (17, 27) | 0.032 |
| LA active EF, % | 23 (16, 29) | 23 (17, 29) | 22 (16, 26) | 18 (14, 27) | 0.12 |
| Doppler | |||||
| TDI A′ avg, cm/s | 7.4 (5.9, 9.1) | 7.6 (6.1, 9.1) | 7.3 (5.6, 8.7) | 6.6 (5.0, 8.4) | 0.037 |
| E-wave vel, cm/s | 84 (70, 98) | 76 (61, 90) | 88 (77, 103) | 88 (74, 100) | <0.001 |
| A-wave vel, cm/s | 71 (55, 89) | 72 (58, 91) | 66 (56, 84) | 56 (44, 81) | 0.005 |
| TDI E′ avg, cm/s | 7.7 (6.2, 9.1) | 6.7 (5.4, 8.1) | 8.0 (6.7, 9.5) | 8.2 (6.7, 9.5) | <0.001 |
| E/e′ avg | 10.7 (8.6, 13.7) | 10.7 (8.6, 13.9) | 10.8 (8.4, 14.5) | 10.7 (8.6, 13.5) | 0.64 |
| Mitral regurgitation | |||||
| Mild | 691 (75.3) | 192 (64.0) | 156 (80.4) | 343 (80.9) | <0.001 |
| Moderate or severe | 99 (10.8) | 34 (11.3) | 16 (8.3) | 49 (11.6) | 0.84 |
Data presented as counts (percentages) or median (inter-quartile ranges) for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; EDVI, end-diastolic volume index; ESVI, end-systolic volume index; EDD, end-diastolic diameter; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LA, left atrial; LAVI, left atrial volume index; TDI A′, tissue Doppler imaging mitral annular A′; TDI E′, tissue Doppler imaging mitral annular E; E/e′, E-wave/TDI E′; aAbnormal LV geometry defined as hypertrophy or concentric remodelling.