WT, TNFR1−/−, and TNFR2−/− mice were infected with influenza virus. BALF was recovered on day 8 post-infection and the levels of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-15, (D) CCL2, (E) CXCL10, (F) MIP-1α, (G) MIP-1β, and (H) G-CSF were determined by Millipore Mouse 32-plex Luminex assay. Data represent mean ± standard deviation. Each group consists of 4–6 mice from one or two independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.005.