Table 2.

Multilevel logistic regression analysis of criminal victimization: India Human Development Survey, 2004–2005

	Model 1 Theft			Model 2 Breaking and Entering
Independent Variables	b	SE	ex	b	SE	ex
District Male-to-Female Sex Ratio Ages 15–39	0.014*	0.006	1.014	0.020*	0.008	1.020
Household Characteristics
No. of household members	0.019†	0.011	1.019	0.005	0.022	1.005
Household has member ages 15–21	0.065	0.056	1.067	0.164	0.104	1.178
Household education	0.007	0.006	1.007	−0.018	0.012	0.982
Household income (1,000s of rupees)	−0.000	0.000	1.000	−0.001	0.001	0.999
Homeownership	0.065	0.101	1.067	0.116	0.185	1.123
Religion
Other religion (ref.)
Hindu	−0.142	0.130	0.868	0.039	0.239	1.040
Muslim	−0.100	0.154	0.905	−0.115	0.290	0.891
Caste
Other caste/no caste (ref.)
Scheduled caste	0.050	0.085	1.051	0.112	0.157	1.119
Scheduled tribe	−0.003	0.132	0.997	−0.253	0.244	0.776
Other backward caste	−0.017	0.074	0.983	0.143	0.134	1.154
Other District-Level Characteristics
Proportion urban	0.278	0.190	1.320	0.062	0.269	1.064
Mean household income	−0.003	0.003	0.997	−0.001	0.005	0.999
Proportion women with names on house papers	−0.078	0.420	0.925	1.105*	0.532	3.019
Proportion women with access to cash	−1.807**	0.395	0.164	−1.672**	0.527	0.188
Women’s participation in household decisions	−0.091	0.075	0.913	−0.330**	0.098	0.719
Proportion women needing permission to visit family	0.270	0.335	1.310	0.627	0.461	1.872
Proportion women preferring boys receive more    education than girls	−0.917*	0.370	0.400	−2.382**	0.736	0.092
Collective efficacy	0.416†	0.247	1.516	−0.116	0.337	0.890
In-migration rate	−0.004	0.008	0.996	0.010	0.011	1.010
Region
North (ref.)
South	−0.234	0.163	0.791	0.038	0.217	1.039
East	1.329**	0.171	3.777	0.848**	0.233	2.335
Northeast	−0.009	0.313	0.991	0.892*	0.385	2.440
Constant	−4.082**			−5.629**
N	41,402			41,404
Log-Likelihood	–5,824.971			–2,170.726
District Male-to-Female Sex Ratio Ages 15–39	0.019*	0.010	1.019	0.035**	0.010	1.036
Household Characteristics
No. of household members	0.031*	0.014	1.031	0.002	0.008	1.002
Household has member age 15–21	0.140*	0.070	1.150	0.037	0.035	1.038
Household education	−0.025**	0.008	0.975	−0.012**	0.004	0.988
Household income (1,000s of rupees)	−0.002*	0.001	0.998	−0.000	0.000	1.000
Homeownership	−0.116	0.131	0.890	−0.041	0.059	0.960
Religion
Other religion (ref.)
Hindu	−0.028	0.178	0.972	0.059	0.092	1.061
Muslim	−0.141	0.210	0.868	0.243*	0.107	1.275
Caste
Other caste/no caste (ref.)
Scheduled caste	0.271*	0.112	1.311	0.188**	0.055	1.207
Scheduled tribe	0.087	0.162	1.091	0.159†	0.083	1.172
Other backward caste	0.140	0.098	1.150	0.049	0.047	1.050
Other District-Level Characteristics
Proportion urban	−0.446	0.306	0.640	0.177	0.291	1.194
Mean household income	−0.007	0.005	0.993	−0.007	0.005	0.993
Proportion women with names on house papers	−0.238	0.648	0.788	2.501**	0.621	12.195
Proportion women with access to cash	−0.365	0.637	0.694	−1.683*	0.660	0.186
Women’s participation in household decisions	−0.022	0.116	0.978	0.046	0.125	1.047
Proportion women needing permission to visit family	1.236*	0.523	3.442	0.048	0.508	1.049
Proportion women preferring boys receive more   education than girls	−0.875	0.576	0.417	0.095	0.284	1.100
Collective efficacy	−0.703†	0.381	0.495	−1.881**	0.382	0.152
In-migration rate	−0.010	0.013	0.990	−0.007	0.013	0.993
Region
North (ref.)
South	−0.045	0.249	0.956	1.109**	0.250	3.031
East	1.132**	0.268	3.102	0.571†	0.294	1.770
Northeast	0.645	0.468	1.906	3.130**	0.456	22.874
Constant	–6.329**			–4.444**
N	41,401			32,643
Log-Likelihood	–3,921.270			–11,504.455

Note: All models include a random intercept for district (n = 382).

^†p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01