Table 1.
Associations Between Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use and Biomarkers of Inflammation
| CRPa | IL-1βb | IL-6c | IL-8d | TNF-αe | sTNFRIf | sTNFRIIg | PGE-Mh | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplement | Patients, n (%) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) | Ratio | (95% CI) |
| Glucosaminei | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 165 (76.1) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) |
| Low (<14 pills/wk) | 20 (9.22) | 0.82 | (0.50–1.34) | 1.41 | (0.67–2.96) | 0.96 | (0.46–2.02) | 1.09 | (0.79–1.52) | 1.07 | (0.7–1.63) | 1.05 | (0.89–1.22) | 1.06 | (0.93–1.21) | 1.25 | (0.92–1.69) |
| High (≥14 pills/wk) | 32 (14.8) | 0.72 | (0.47–1.08) | 0.80 | (0.43–1.46) | 0.84 | (0.46–1.54) | 0.90 | (0.69–1.19) | 0.77 | (0.54–1.09) | 1.02 | (0.89–1.16) | 1.01 | (0.91–1.13) | 0.76 | (0.59–0.97) |
| p for trend | 0.09 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.10 | |||||||||
| Chondroitini | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 183 (84.3) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) |
| Low (<14 pills/wk) | 15 (6.91) | 0.65 | (0.37–1.14) | 0.93 | (0.41–2.13) | 0.58 | (0.26–1.32) | 0.99 | (0.68–1.43) | 0.86 | (0.53–1.37) | 0.91 | (0.76–1.08) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.15) | 1.05 | (0.74–1.48) |
| High (≥14 pills/wk) | 19 (8.76) | 0.64 | (0.39–1.04) | 1.01 | (0.49–2.11) | 0.95 | (0.46–1.98) | 0.99 | (0.71–1.38) | 0.93 | (0.61–1.43) | 1.10 | (0.94–1.29) | 1.04 | (0.91–1.18) | 0.73 | (0.55–0.98) |
| p for trend | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.56 | 0.93 | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.07 | |||||||||
Analyses of CRP adjusted for age (continuous), sex, current body mass index (BMI) (continuous), pack-years smoked (ordered categorical), current hormone replacement therapy use (no/yes), history of cardiovascular disease (no/yes), any moderate of vigorous physical activity (no/yes), dietary fiber (continuous), dietary saturated fat (continuous), dietary α-tocopherol (continuous), dietary γ-tocopherol (continuous), dietary vitamin C (continuous), dietary β-carotene (continuous), dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake (continuous), energy (continuous).
Analyses of IL-1β adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), baby aspirin use in prior month (ordered categorical: none, low, high), dietary fiber (continuous), dietary saturated fat (continuous), energy (continuous).
Analyses of IL-6 adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), dietary saturated fat (continuous), and energy (continuous).
Analyses of IL-8 adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), diabetes (no/yes), history of cardiovascular disease (no/yes).
Analyses of TNF-α adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), dietary fiber (continuous), dietary saturated fat (continuous), dietary EPA plus DHA (continuous), and energy (continuous).
Analyses of sTNF-RI adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), history of cancer (no/yes), current multivitamin use (no/yes), energy (continuous).
Analyses of sTNF-RII adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), current hormone replacement therapy use (no/yes), history of cancer (no/yes), any moderate or vigorous physical activity (no/yes), alcohol consumption (categorical tertiles), energy (continuous), dietary saturated fat (continuous), dietary vitamin C (continuous), dietary EPA plus DHA (continuous), supplemental vitamin E (ordered categorical: none, low, high), supplemental β-carotene (ordered categorical: none, low, high).
Analyses of PGE-M adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), pack-years smoked (ordered categorical), baby aspirin use in prior month (ordered categorical: none, low, high), and history of cancer (no/yes).
Analyses of glucosamine, chondroitin, and methylsulfonylmethane further adjusted for indication of arthritis or chronic pain.
CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; sTNFRI, soluble TNF receptor I; sTNFRII, soluble TNF receptor II; PGE-M, prostaglandin E2 metabolite; CI, confidence interval.