Table 3.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
Computed SRH improvementa | 1.56*** | 1.39–1.76 | 1.55*** | 1.38–1.74 | 1.33*** | 1.18–1.50 | ||||||
Computed SRH declinea | 0.99 | 0.89–1.09 | 0.98 | 0.89–1.08 | 1.10* | 1.00–1.22 | ||||||
RR-SRH improvementa | 1.32*** | 1.12–1.57 | 1.30** | 1.10–1.53 | 1.29** | 1.09–1.53 | 1.20* | 1.02–1.42 | ||||
RR-SRH declinea | 1.24*** | 1.12–1.37 | 1.24*** | 1.12–1.37 | 1.24*** | 1.12–1.37 | 1.09# | 0.98–1.21 | ||||
SRH: Excellent | 0.57*** | 0.45–0.71 | 0.49*** | 0.39–0.62 | 0.58*** | 0.51*** | 0.40–0.64 | 0.71** | 0.56–0.90 | |||
From worse | 0.47–0.74 | 0.82 | 0.62–1.10 | |||||||||
Unchanged | 0.45*** | 0.32–0.65 | ||||||||||
SRH: Very good | 0.70*** | 0.61–0.80 | 0.64*** | 0.56–0.74 | 0.72*** | 0.63–0.82 | 0.66*** | 0.57–0.75 | 0.78*** | 0.67–0.89 | ||
From worse | 0.98 | 0.80–1.198 | ||||||||||
Unchanged | 0.65*** | 0.53–0.81 | ||||||||||
From better | 0.67* | 0.47–0.94 | ||||||||||
SRH: Good (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | ||
From worse | 1.56*** | 1.29–1.89 | ||||||||||
Unchanged (ref. Model 5) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | ||||||||||
From better | 0.91 | 0.75–1.11 | ||||||||||
SRH: Fair | 1.68*** | 1.51–1.87 | 1.79*** | 1.61–2.00 | 1.59*** | 1.42–1.78 | 1.69*** | 1.51–1.90 | 1.38*** | 1.23–1.54 | ||
From worse | 2.43*** | 1.91–3.08 | ||||||||||
Unchanged | 1.66*** | 1.41–1.96 | ||||||||||
From better | 1.65*** | 1.40–1.95 | ||||||||||
SRH: Poor | 3.21*** | 2.84–3.63 | 3.62*** | 3.18–4.12 | 2.88*** | 2.52–3.29 | 3.25*** | 2.83–3.74 | 2.01*** | 1.73–2.34 | ||
Unchanged | 3.13*** | 2.56–2.82 | ||||||||||
From better | 3.15*** | 2.64–3.75 | ||||||||||
Female | 0.57*** | 0.52–0.63 | 0.57*** | 0.52–0.63 | 0.57*** | 0.52–0.63 | 0.57*** | 0.52–0.63 | 0.57*** | 0.52–0.63 | 0.58*** | 0.52–0.63 |
Race: white | 1.22** | 1.07–1.40 | 1.24** | 1.08–1.42 | 1.21** | 1.06–1.39 | 1.23** | 1.08–1.41 | 1.24** | 1.08–1.41 | 1.13# | 0.99–1.29 |
Married | 0.95 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.96 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.06 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.13 |
Employed | 0.77* | 0.61–0.97 | 0.80# | 0.63–1.01 | 0.78* | 0.62–0.99 | 0.81# | 0.64–1.02 | 0.81# | 0.64–1.02 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.15 |
Education | ||||||||||||
HS graduateb | 1.05 | 0.95–1.17 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.18 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.17 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.18 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.18 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.19 |
Some collegeb | 1.04 | 0.91–1.18 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.21 | 1.04 | 0.91–1.18 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.21 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.21 | 1.07 | 0.94–1.21 |
College graduateb | 0.95 | 0.82–1.11 | 0.98 | 0.85–1.14 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.11 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.14 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.14 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.11 |
Income | ||||||||||||
Lowc | 1.00 | 0.90–1.13 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.12 | 1.01 | 0.89–1.13 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 | 1.00 | 0.89–1.12 |
Highc | 0.90# | 0.81–1.01 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.02 | 0.90# | 0.80–1.01 | 0.91# | 0.81–1.02 | 0.91# | 0.81–1.01 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 |
Chronic conditions, count | 1.34*** | 1.29–1.39 | ||||||||||
ADL limitations, count | 1.06** | 1.02–1.10 | ||||||||||
Mobility limitations, count | 1.10*** | 1.06–1.14 | ||||||||||
Gamma | 0.15*** | 0.14–0.15 | 0.15*** | 0.14–0.16 | 0.15*** | 0.14–0.15 | 0.15*** | 0.15–0.16 | 0.15*** | 0.15–0.16 | 0.15*** | 0.14–0.16 |
Log likelihood | −6,755 | −6,739 | −6,759 | −6,725 | −6,724 | −6,441 | ||||||
Akaike information criterion | 13,580 | 13,512 | 13,553 | 13,488 | 13,498 | 12,927 | ||||||
N | 19,589 | 19,574 | 19,577 | 19,562 | 19,562 | 19,449 |
Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; HS = high school; RR-SRH = retrospectively reported SRH; SRH = self-rated health.
aReference category is “no change.”
b,cReference categories are “Education: less than high school graduate” and “Income: medium,” respectively.
***p ≤ .001; **p ≤ .01; *p ≤ .05; # p ≤ .10.