Skip to main content
. 2014 Mar 3;69(4):612–621. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu013

Table 3.

Estimated Hazard Ratios (HRs) From Gompertz Models of All-Cause Mortality: HRs and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI
Computed SRH improvementa 1.56*** 1.39–1.76 1.55*** 1.38–1.74 1.33*** 1.18–1.50
Computed SRH declinea 0.99 0.89–1.09 0.98 0.89–1.08 1.10* 1.00–1.22
RR-SRH improvementa 1.32*** 1.12–1.57 1.30** 1.10–1.53 1.29** 1.09–1.53 1.20* 1.02–1.42
RR-SRH declinea 1.24*** 1.12–1.37 1.24*** 1.12–1.37 1.24*** 1.12–1.37 1.09# 0.98–1.21
SRH: Excellent 0.57*** 0.45–0.71 0.49*** 0.39–0.62 0.58*** 0.51*** 0.40–0.64 0.71** 0.56–0.90
    From worse 0.47–0.74 0.82 0.62–1.10
    Unchanged 0.45*** 0.32–0.65
SRH: Very good 0.70*** 0.61–0.80 0.64*** 0.56–0.74 0.72*** 0.63–0.82 0.66*** 0.57–0.75 0.78*** 0.67–0.89
    From worse 0.98 0.80–1.198
    Unchanged 0.65*** 0.53–0.81
    From better 0.67* 0.47–0.94
SRH: Good (reference) 1.00 1.00–1.00 1.00 1.00–1.00 1.00 1.00–1.00 1.00 1.00–1.00 1.00 1.00–1.00
    From worse 1.56*** 1.29–1.89
    Unchanged (ref. Model 5) 1.00 1.00–1.00
    From better 0.91 0.75–1.11
SRH: Fair 1.68*** 1.51–1.87 1.79*** 1.61–2.00 1.59*** 1.42–1.78 1.69*** 1.51–1.90 1.38*** 1.23–1.54
    From worse 2.43*** 1.91–3.08
    Unchanged 1.66*** 1.41–1.96
    From better 1.65*** 1.40–1.95
SRH: Poor 3.21*** 2.84–3.63 3.62*** 3.18–4.12 2.88*** 2.52–3.29 3.25*** 2.83–3.74 2.01*** 1.73–2.34
    Unchanged 3.13*** 2.56–2.82
    From better 3.15*** 2.64–3.75
Female 0.57*** 0.52–0.63 0.57*** 0.52–0.63 0.57*** 0.52–0.63 0.57*** 0.52–0.63 0.57*** 0.52–0.63 0.58*** 0.52–0.63
Race: white 1.22** 1.07–1.40 1.24** 1.08–1.42 1.21** 1.06–1.39 1.23** 1.08–1.41 1.24** 1.08–1.41 1.13# 0.99–1.29
Married 0.95 0.86–1.06 0.96 0.86–1.06 0.95 0.86–1.06 0.95 0.86–1.06 0.95 0.86–1.06 1.02 0.91–1.13
Employed 0.77* 0.61–0.97 0.80# 0.63–1.01 0.78* 0.62–0.99 0.81# 0.64–1.02 0.81# 0.64–1.02 0.91 0.72–1.15
Education
    HS graduateb 1.05 0.95–1.17 1.06 0.95–1.18 1.05 0.95–1.17 1.06 0.95–1.18 1.06 0.95–1.18 1.06 0.95–1.19
    Some collegeb 1.04 0.91–1.18 1.06 0.93–1.21 1.04 0.91–1.18 1.06 0.93–1.21 1.06 0.93–1.21 1.07 0.94–1.21
    College graduateb 0.95 0.82–1.11 0.98 0.85–1.14 0.95 0.82–1.11 0.98 0.84–1.14 0.98 0.84–1.14 0.95 0.82–1.11
Income
    Lowc 1.00 0.90–1.13 0.99 0.88–1.12 1.01 0.89–1.13 0.99 0.88–1.11 0.99 0.88–1.11 1.00 0.89–1.12
    Highc 0.90# 0.81–1.01 0.91 0.81–1.02 0.90# 0.80–1.01 0.91# 0.81–1.02 0.91# 0.81–1.01 0.94 0.84–1.05
Chronic conditions, count 1.34*** 1.29–1.39
ADL limitations, count 1.06** 1.02–1.10
Mobility limitations, count 1.10*** 1.06–1.14
Gamma 0.15*** 0.14–0.15 0.15*** 0.14–0.16 0.15*** 0.14–0.15 0.15*** 0.15–0.16 0.15*** 0.15–0.16 0.15*** 0.14–0.16
Log likelihood −6,755 −6,739 −6,759 −6,725 −6,724 −6,441
Akaike information criterion 13,580 13,512 13,553 13,488 13,498 12,927
N 19,589 19,574 19,577 19,562 19,562 19,449

Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; HS = high school; RR-SRH = retrospectively reported SRH; SRH = self-rated health.

aReference category is “no change.”

b,cReference categories are “Education: less than high school graduate” and “Income: medium,” respectively.

***p ≤ .001; **p ≤ .01; *p ≤ .05; # p ≤ .10.