Figure 6.

Signaling pathways of AR activation by the three effective glycopolymers are similar. EGTA: ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid, extracellular Ca²⁺ inhibitor. Per: pertussis toxin, G-protein inhibitor. Ami: amiloride hydrochloride, T-type Ca²⁺ channel inhibitor. H89: protein kinase A inhibitor. Gen: genistein, protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nif: nifedipine, L-type Ca²⁺ channel inhibitor. Che: chelerylthrine, protein kinase C inhibitor. The average inhibition percentage of inhibitor and glycopolymer treated sperm were normalized using [AR%(positive control) – AR%(glycopolymers)] /[AR%(positive control) – AR%(negative control)]. The average AR% for the positive control, A23187-treated (5 μM) sperm, was 24%, and for the negative control, inhibitor-treated sperm, was 9–13%. Data represent mean ± SEM of three independent experiments.