Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and predictors of re-incarceration among recently released HIV-infected jail detainees (N = 798)
| Characteristic | Total sample | Re-incarcerated | Not re-incarcerated | Unadjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | p- value | Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 798 | 250 | 548 | |||||
| Age | |||||||
| 20–38 years | 167 (21.1 %) | 42 (22.5 %) | 125 (20.7 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| 39–44 years | 184 (23.3 %) | 50 (26.7 %) | 134 (22.2) | 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 0.67 | – | – |
| 45–49 years | 201 (25.4 %) | 49 (26.2 %) | 152 (25.2 %) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) | 0.86 | – | – |
| 50 years or older | 238 (30.1 %) | 46 (24.6) | 192 (31.8 %) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.15) | 0.16 | – | – |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 252 (31.7 %) | 51 (27.1 %) | 201 (33.2 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Male | 542 (68.3 %) | 137 (72.9 %) | 405 (66.8 %) | 1.33 (0.93, 1.92) | 0.12 | – | – |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 568 (72.8 %) | 138 (75.0 %) | 430 (72.1 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Hispanic | 212 (27.2 %) | 46 (25.0 %) | 166 (27.9 %) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.26) | 0.45 | – | – |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 164 (20.8 %) | 38 (20.2 %) | 126 (21.0 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| African American | 472 (60.0 %) | 118 (62.8 %) | 354 (59.1 %) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 0.64 | – | – |
| Other | 151 (19.2 %) | 32 (17.0 %) | 119 (19.9 %) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.52) | 0.67 | – | – |
| Sexual orientation | |||||||
| Heterosexual | 627 (80.0 %) | 145 (78.8 %) | 482 (80.3 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Bisexual | 77 (9.8 %) | 21 (11.4 %) | 56 (9.3 %) | 1.25 (0.73, 2.13) | 0.42 | – | – |
| Homosexual | 80 (10.2 %) | 18 (9.8 %) | 62 (10.3 %) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.68) | 0.90 | – | – |
| Education attained before index incarceration | |||||||
| Less than high school | 410 (51.4 %) | 95 (50.0 %) | 315 (51.9 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| High school or higher | 387 (48.6 %) | 95 (50.0 %) | 292 (48.1 %) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) | 0.65 | – | – |
| Employment status before index incarceration | |||||||
| Unemployed | 513 (67.0 %) | 128 (70.7 %) | 385 (65.8 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Working full or part-time | 158 (20.6 %) | 31 (17.1 %) | 127 (21.7 %) | 0.75 (0.47, 1.14) | 0.17 | – | – |
| Retired/disabled | 95 (12.4 %) | 22 (12.2 %) | 73 (12.5 %) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.52) | 0.71 | – | – |
| Employment status after release | |||||||
| Unemployed | 459 (79.8 %) | 114 (79.7 %) | 345 (79.9 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Working full or part-time | 26 (4.5 %) | 4 (2.8 %) | 22 (5.1 %) | 0.55 (0.19, 1.63) | 0.28 | – | – |
| Retired/disabled | 90 (15.7 %) | 25 (17.5 %) | 65 (15.0 %) | 1.16 (0.70, 1.93) | 0.56 | – | – |
| Having any health insurance/medical benefits before index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 160 (20.2 %) | 40 (21.3 %) | 120 (19.9 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 632 (79.8 %) | 148 (78.7 %) | 484 (80.1 %) | 0.92 (0.61, 1.37) | 0.67 | – | – |
| Having any health insurance/medical benefits after release | |||||||
| No | 69 (12.1 %) | 28 (20.0 %) | 41 (9.5 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 502 (87.9 %) | 112 (80.0 %) | 390 (90.5 %) | 0.42 (0.25, 0.71) | <0.01 | 0.34 (0.13, 0.86) | <0.05 |
| Homeless before index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 485 (61.5 %) | 99 (52.7 %) | 386 (64.2 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 304 (38.5 %) | 89 (47.3 %) | 215 (35.8 %) | 1.61 (1.16, 2.25) | <0.01 | 1.82 (1.25, 2.63) | <0.01 |
| Housing status after release | |||||||
| Own housing | 177 (37.6 %) | 44 (40.7 %) | 133 (36.6 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Temporary or transitional housing | 263 (55.8 %) | 58 (53.7 %) | 205 (56.5 %) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.34) | 0.49 | – | – |
| Homeless/shelter or other emergency housing arrangement | 31 (6.6 %) | 6 (5.6 %) | 25 (6.9 %) | 0.73 (0.28, 1.88) | 0.51 | ||
| Total lifetime incarceration | |||||||
| Less than 5 years | 430 (54.6 %) | 87 (46.3 %) | 343 (57.2 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| 5 or more years | 358 (45.4 %) | 101 (53.7 %) | 257 (42.8 %) | 1.55 (1.12, 2.15) | <0.01 | 1.73 (1.18, 2.52) | <0.01 |
| Charged with any violent offenses for index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 687 (87.1 %) | 151 (80.3 %) | 536 (89.2 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 102 (12.9 %) | 37 (19.7 %) | 65 (10.8 %) | 2.02 (1.30, 3.14) | <0.01 | 1.51 (1.14, 2.00) | <0.01 |
| Charged with any drug-related offenses for index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 467 (59.2 %) | 127 (67.6 %) | 340 (56.6 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 322 (40.8 %) | 61 (32.4 %) | 261 (43.4 %) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.88) | <0.01 | 0.66 (0.50, 0.88) | <0.01 |
| Charged with any property-related offenses for index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 520 (65.9 %) | 116 (61.7 %) | 404 (67.2 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 269 (34.1 %) | 72 (38.3 %) | 197 (32.8 %) | 1.27 (0.91, 1.79) | 0.16 | – | – |
| Charged with any public disorder offenses for index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 678 (85.9 %) | 157 (83.5 %) | 521 (86.7 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 111 (14.1 %) | 31 (16.5 %) | 80 (13.3 %) | 1.29 (0.82, 2.02) | 0.27 | – | – |
| Charged with any probation/parole violation for index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 711 (90.1 %) | 171 (91.0 %) | 540 (89.9 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 78 (9.9 %) | 17 (9.0 %) | 61 (10.1 %) | 0.88 (0.50, 1.55) | 0.66 | – | – |
| Charged with any other type of charge of index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 714 (90.5 %) | 173 (92.0 %) | 541 (90.0 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 75 (9.5 %) | 15 (8.0 %) | 60 (10.0 %) | 0.78 (0.43, 1.41) | 0.41 | – | – |
| Sentenced for index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 553 (70.3 %) | 133 (70.7 %) | 420 (70.1 %) | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 234 (29.7 %) | 55 (29.3 %) | 179 (29.9 %) | – | – | – | – |
| Days spent in jail during index incarceration | |||||||
| Less than 91 days | 486 (62.3 %) | 120 (63.8 %) | 366 (61.8 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| 91–180 days | 172 (22.1 %) | 47 (25.0 %) | 125 (21.1 %) | 1.15 (0.77, 1.70) | 0.26 | 1.53 (0.46, 5.13) | 0.66 |
| 181–272 days | 62 (7.9 %) | 8 (4.3 %) | 54 (9.1 %) | 0.45 (0.21, 0.98) | <0.05 | 1.31 (0.30, 4.26) | 0.55 |
| 272–370 days | 60 (7.7 %) | 13 (6.9 %) | 47 (7.9 %) | 0.84 (0.44, 1.61) | 0.65 | 1.09 (0.28, 4.19) | 0.93 |
| Released on probation or parole | |||||||
| No | 637 (79.8 %) | 149 (78.4 %) | 488 (80.3 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 161 (20.2 %) | 41 (21.6 %) | 120 (19.7 %) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.67) | 0.58 | – | – |
| Average time to re-incarceration | |||||||
| Mean number of days (SD) | – | 77.9 (57) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Newly diagnosed with HIV during index incarceration | |||||||
| No | 756 (96.2 %) | 179 (95.2 %) | 577 (96.5 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 30 (3.8 %) | 9 (4.8 %) | 21 (3.5 %) | 1.38 (0.62, 3.07) | 0.43 | – | – |
| CD4 count during index incarceration | |||||||
| Less than 350 | 258 (45.2 %) | 50 (37.3 %) | 208 (47.6 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| At or greater than 350 | 313 (54.8 %) | 84 (62.7 %) | 229 (52.4 %) | 0.66 (0.44, 0.98) | <0.05 | 0.71 (0.46, 1.10) | 0.12 |
| Viral load during index incarceration | |||||||
| Less than 400 | 368 (67.3 %) | 79 (61.2 %) | 289 (69.1 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| At or greater than 400 | 179 (32.7 %) | 50 (38.8 %) | 129 (30.9 %) | 1.42 (0.94, 2.14) | 0.10 | – | – |
| Ever diagnosed with a major psychiatric disorder | |||||||
| No | 589 (73.8 %) | 126 (66.3 %) | 463 (76.2 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 209 (26.2 %) | 64 (33.7 %) | 145 (23.8 %) | 1.62 (1.14, 2.31) | <0.01 | 2.07 (1.14, 3.75) | <0.05 |
| Composite alcohol score before index incarceration | |||||||
| 0.15< | 499 (66.5 %) | 120 (66.3 %) | 379 (66.6 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| 0.15 | 251 (33.5 %) | 61 (22.7 %) | 190 (33.4 %) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.45) | 0.94 | – | – |
| Composite drug score before index incarceration | |||||||
| 0.12< | 250 (33.6 %) | 65 (35.9 %) | 185 (32.8 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| 0.12 | 495 (66.4 %) | 116 (64.1 %) | 379 (67.2 %) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) | 0.44 | – | – |
| Composite psychiatric score before index incarceration | |||||||
| 0.22< | 360 (47.6 %) | 84 (46.2 %) | 276 (48.0 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| 0.22 | 397 (52.4 %) | 98 (53.8 %) | 299 (52.0 %) | 1.08 (0.77, 1.50) | 0.66 | – | – |
| Discharge plan was completed for client prior to release | |||||||
| Yes | 104 (14.1 %) | 23 (12.6 %) | 81 (14.5 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| No | 636 (85.9 %) | 159 (87.4 %) | 477 (85.5 %) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.93) | 0.53 | – | – |
| Met with community provider in regards to HIV primary care after release | |||||||
| No | 271 (36.1 %) | 75 (42.4 %) | 196 (34.1 %) | Referent | Referent | – | |
| Yes | 480 (63.9 %) | 102 (57.6 %) | 378 (65.9 %) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) | <0.05 | 0.64 (0.33, 1.22) | 0.17 |
| Met with community provider in regards to substance abuse after release | |||||||
| No | 350 (51.2 %) | 79 (50.0 %) | 271 (51.6 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 333 (48.8 %) | 79 (50.0 %) | 254 (48.4 %) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | 0.72 | – | – |
| Met with community provider in regards to mental health care after release | |||||||
| No | 360 (67.7 %) | 102 (75.6 %) | 258 (65.0 %) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 172 (32.3 %) | 33 (24.4 %) | 139 (35.0 %) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.94) | <0.05 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) | 0.07 |
| Met with community provider in regards to employment after release | |||||||
| No | 373 (92.3 %) | 94 (96.9 %) | 279 (90.9 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 31 (7.7 %) | 3 (3.1 %) | 28 (9.1 %) | 0.32 (0.10, 1.07) | 0.06 | – | – |
| Met with community provider in regards to housing after release | |||||||
| No | 387 (66.6 %) | 89 (65.9 %) | 298 (66.8 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 194 (33.4 %) | 46 (34.1 %) | 148 (33.2 %) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.56) | 0.85 | – | – |
| Attended any form of drug treatment program after release | |||||||
| No | 485 (67.5 %) | 116 (67.1 %) | 369 (67.7 %) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 233 (32.5 %) | 57 (32.9 %) | 176 (32.3 %) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 0.87 | – | – |
Independent variables with p < 0.05 in the multivariate model are highlighted in bold