Table 1.
Bivariate associations with type of opioid use, defined by motive for use, among those with recent nonmedical use.
| Use for reasons other than pain relief (n = 157) |
Use for pain relief only (n = 81) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI)a |
p- value |
| Demographic | ||||
| Female gender | 52 (33.3) | 13 (16.5) | 2.54 (1.28, 5.02) |
0.007 |
| Caucasian | 121 (77.1) | 48 (59.3) | 2.31 (1.30, 4.12) |
0.005 |
| Married/Partnered | 36 (22.9) | 13 (16.5) | 1.51 (0.75, 3.05) |
0.25 |
| High School Education completed | 104 (66.2) | 45 (55.6) | 1.57 (0.91, 2.72) |
0.11 |
| Age greater than 35 years | 70 (44.6) | 51 (63.8) | 0.46 (0.26, 0.80) |
0.006 |
| Drug Use a | ||||
| History of overdose | 63 (40.7) | 17 (21.3) | 2.54 (1.36, 4.74) |
0.003 |
| Past 30 day heroin use | 53 (33.8) | 9 (11.1) | 4.08 (1.89, 8.79) |
< 0.001 |
| Past 30 day barbiturate use | 22 (14.0) | 2 (2.5) | 6.44 (1.47, 28.11) |
0.01 |
| Past 30 day sedative use | 61 (38.9) | 8 (9.9) | 5.80 (2.61, 12.87) |
< 0.001 |
| Past 30 day cocaine use | 76 (48.4) | 34 (42.0) | 1.30 (0.76, 2.23) |
0.35 |
| Past 30 day cannabis use | 66 (42.0) | 29 (35.8) | 1.30 (0.75, 2.26) |
0.35 |
| Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | OR (95% CI) a |
p- value |
|
| Mental and Physical Health | ||||
| Physical Health (SF-12 PCS) | 45.6 (10.9) | 45.9 (11.2) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
0.84 |
| Mental Health (SF-12 MCS) | 36.5 (12.2) | 41.7 (11.7) | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) |
0.003 |
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 13.1 (6.5) | 10.5 (6.9) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) |
0.005 |
| Suicidal Ideation (BSS) | 1.8 (4.7) | 1.8 (4.1) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
1.00 |
| Pain | ||||
| Pain Severity score (WHYMPI) | 3.0 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.9) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) |
0.60 |
| Pain Interference score (WHYMPI) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.7) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) |
0.30 |
| Pain Medications Expectancy Questionnaire |
||||
| -Pleasure/Social Enhancement score |
4.7 (3.0) | 2.8 (2.3) | 1.29 (1.15, 1.45) |
< 0.001 |
| -Pain Reduction score | 7.2 (2.1) | 5.3 (2.2) | 1.48 (1.29, 1.69) |
< 0.001 |
| -Negative Experience Reduction score |
5.7 (2.9) | 3.2 (2.3) | 1.40 (1.25, 1.58) |
< 0.001 |
a
reference group: pain relief use only;
b
measured from the Addiction Severity Index OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; SF-12 = Short Form Health Survey; PCS = Physical Component Summary; MCS = Mental Component Summary; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire; BSS = Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation; WHYMPI = West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory