Table 2.
Demographic-adjusteda models of use of prescription opioids for reasons other than pain relief, among those with recent use.
| Characteristics | OR (95% CI)b | p - value |
|---|---|---|
| Drug Use b | ||
| History of overdose | 2.10 (1.10, 4.02) | 0.03 |
| Past 30 day heroin use | 3.14 (1.41, 6.96) | 0.005 |
| Past 30 day barbiturate use | 4.91 (1.10, 21.86) | 0.04 |
| Past 30 day sedative use | 4.54 (2.00, 10.30) | < 0.001 |
| Past 30 day cocaine use | 1.33 (0.74, 2.36) | 0.34 |
| Past 30 day cannabis use | 1.17 (0.65, 2.10) | 0.61 |
| Mental and Physical Health | ||
| Physical Health (SF-12 PCS) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.19 |
| Mental Health (SF-12 MCS) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.01 |
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 0.01 |
| Suicidal Ideation (BSS) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.86 |
| Pain | ||
| Pain Severity score (WHYMPI) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 0.56 |
| Pain Interference score (WHYMPI) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | 0.23 |
| Pain Medications Expectancy | ||
| -Pleasure/Social Enhancement score | 1.24 (1.10, 1.39) | < 0.001 |
| -Pain Reduction score | 1.41 (1.23, 1.63) | < 0.001 |
| -Negative Experience Reduction score | 1.34 (1.19, 1.52) | < 0.001 |
a
each model contains the covariate of interest along with age, race, and sex.
b
reference group: pain relief use only
c
measured from the Addiction Severity Index OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; SF-12 = Short Form Health Survey; PCS = Physical Component Summary; MCS = Mental Component Summary; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire; BSS = Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation; WHYMPI = West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory