Table 1.

Observable pain management strategies used during immunization

Strategy (n = 142)	N (%)
Distraction using singing or talking*	93 (65.5)
Talking only	92 (64.8)
Singing and talking	1 (0.7)
Holding (any position)	54 (38)
Front-to-front	4 (2.8)
Front-to-back	21 (14.8)
Front-to-side	28 (19.7)
Combination of positions	1 (0.7)
Non-nutritive sucking	11 (7.7)
Distraction using any toy	9 (6.3)
Noisy toy	2 (1.4)
Silent toy	7 (4.9)
Rubbing at injection site	8 (5.6)

*2 missing – could not distinguish if singing or talking was used.