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. 2014 May 27;5:3894. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4894

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Calculations and FE simulations for 0≤a_θ≤0.3 and a₀=0.01. (a) In-plane orientations of the penetration stiffness (K₁) and perpendicular stiffness (K₂). (b) Stiffness parameters K₁, K₂, K₃, normalized by the perpendicular stiffness of a non-graded architecture. Regions of the bulk-dominant and tip-dominant modes are indicated. (c) Deformations and stress distributions of the bulk and tip modes. Deformations are schematically illustrated for clarity; stress distributions (von-Mises) are obtained by FE simulations (see Supplementary Information). (d) Specific stiffness parameters, , normalized by the corresponding specific stiffness of the non-graded architecture. The rectangular region indicates the range of the natural fang architecture.

Inline graphic — Calculations and FE simulations for 0≤a_θ≤0.3 and a₀=0.01. (a) In-plane orientations of the penetration stiffness (K₁) and perpendicular stiffness (K₂). (b) Stiffness parameters K₁, K₂, K₃, normalized by the perpendicular stiffness of a non-graded architecture. Regions of the bulk-dominant and tip-dominant modes are indicated. (c) Deformations and stress distributions of the bulk and tip modes. Deformations are schematically illustrated for clarity; stress distributions (von-Mises) are obtained by FE simulations (see Supplementary Information). (d) Specific stiffness parameters, , normalized by the corresponding specific stiffness of the non-graded architecture. The rectangular region indicates the range of the natural fang architecture.