Table 3.
ORs (95% CIs) of incident T2D by quartiles of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites (nmol/L): the NHS and NHSII.
| Variable | Quartile 1 (lowest) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (highest) | ptrend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS | |||||
| DEHPa | |||||
| Median (range) | 102.9 (1.5–142.8) | 180.1 (142.8–229.7) | 311.6 (231.8–463.7) | 844.5 (464.5–27829.8) | |
| Case/control (n) | 88/98 | 79/99 | 104/98 | 123/98 | |
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.85 (0.54, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.71, 1.66) | 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) | 0.13 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 0.82 (0.50, 1.35) | 1.06 (0.65, 1.72) | 1.34 (0.80, 2.22) | 0.10 |
| Model 3d | 1 | 0.88 (0.52, 1.50) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.71) | 1.34 (0.77, 2.30) | 0.14 |
| Butyl phthalatesa | |||||
| Median (range) | 47.1 (1.6–67.6) | 88.7 (67.8–113.2) | 152.0 (114.3–212.0) | 334.2 (213.2–12702.7) | |
| Case/control (n) | 96/98 | 109/97 | 94/100 | 95/98 | |
| Model 1b | 1 | 1.06 (0.69, 1.63) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.72 (0.43, 1.20) | 0.15 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.20 (0.74, 1.96) | 0.93 (0.56, 1.55) | 0.94 (0.53, 1.68) | 0.65 |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.26 (0.75, 2.12) | 1.01 (0.59, 1.73) | 0.91 (0.50, 1.68) | 0.51 |
| Total phthalatesa | |||||
| Median (range) | 391.6 (11.0–571.4) | 770.5 (571.8–1049.3) | 1386.5 (1049.6–2010.3) | 3824.1 (2010.6–49621.3) | |
| Case/control (n) | 89/98 | 107/98 | 105/99 | 93/98 | |
| Model 1b | 1 | 1.13 (0.74, 1.71) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.63) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.38) | 0.27 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.20 (0.75, 1.91) | 1.07 (0.67, 1.71) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.53) | 0.36 |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.20 (0.72, 1.99) | 1.15 (0.70, 1.91) | 0.87 (0.49, 1.53) | 0.29 |
| NHSII | |||||
| DEHPa | |||||
| Median (range) | 123.2 (1.5–170.4) | 223.0 (170.8–300.1) | 376.8 (301.7–522.3) | 869.7 (525.7–11707.2) | |
| Case/control (n) | 99/144 | 165/144 | 139/145 | 174/144 | |
| Model 1b | 1 | 1.64 (1.16, 2.31) | 1.36 (0.95, 1.96) | 1.72 (1.16, 2.54) | 0.08 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.67 (1.12, 2.49) | 1.47 (0.96, 2.24) | 1.89 (1.20, 2.98) | 0.05 |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.80 (1.07, 3.04) | 1.62 (0.95, 2.76) | 1.91 (1.04, 3.49) | 0.20 |
| Butyl phthalatesa | |||||
| Median (range) | 107.0 (1.6–150.4) | 199.5 (150.6–248.0) | 300.3 (248.5–378.4) | 591.0 (379.3–29543.2) | |
| Case/control (n) | 144/144 | 144/144 | 112/145 | 177/144 | |
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.95 (0.68, 1.35) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.03) | 1.08 (0.74, 1.60) | 0.34 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.49) | 0.82 (0.52, 1.27) | 1.48 (0.94, 2.33) | 0.03 |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.38 (0.81, 2.35) | 1.17 (0.66, 2.10) | 3.16 (1.68, 5.95) | 0.0002 |
| Total phthalatesa | |||||
| Median (range) | 599.8 (11.0–858.5) | 1104.2 (858.5–1462.9) | 1878.2 (1479.5–2684.2) | 4348.5 (2695.5–60068.1) | |
| Case/control (n) | 143/144 | 156/144 | 117/145 | 161/144 | |
| Model 1b | 1 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.55) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) | 0.64 |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.25 (0.83, 1.89) | 0.97 (0.62, 1.50) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.96) | 0.36 |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.73 (1.01, 2.97) | 1.08 (0.61, 1.92) | 2.14 (1.19, 3.85) | 0.02 |
| aDEHP metabolites included MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP; butyl phthalates, MBP and MiBP; total phthalates, MEP, MEHP, MEHHP, MECPP, MEOHP, MBzP, MBP, and MiBP. bIn model 1, we automatically adjusted for matching factors, including age at urine sample collection, ethnicity, fasting status, and time of sample collection, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy (NHSII only), by using conditional logistic regression, and also for urinary creatinine levels. cBased on model 1, we adjusted model 2 for smoking status, postmenopausal hormone use (NHS only), oral contraceptive use (NHSII only), physical activity, alcohol use, family history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia or hypertension, and AHEI score. dBased on model 2, we adjusted model 3 for BMI. | |||||