Table 1.
AHS participant characteristics at enrollment (1993–1997).
| Characteristic | n (%) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Overall | 83,378 (100) | 9.52 ± 1.66 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 51,807 (62) | 9.54 ± 1.66 |
| Female | 31,571 (38) | 9.50 ± 1.65 |
| Participant type | ||
| Private applicator | 48,074 (58) | 9.60 ± 1.69 |
| Commercial applicatora | 4,913 (6) | 9.04 ± 1.28 |
| Spouse | 30,391 (36) | 9.48 ± 1.64 |
| Mobility | ||
| Nonmovers | 50,590 (61) | 9.58 ± 1.70 |
| Age at enrollment (years) | ||
| < 40 | 27,745 (33) | 9.40 ± 1.59 |
| 40–59 | 41,123 (49) | 9.52 ± 1.66 |
| 60–79 | 14,271 (17) | 9.77 ± 1.76 |
| ≥ 80 | 239 (1) | 10.21 ± 1.72 |
| State of enrollment | ||
| Iowa | 58,113 (70) | 8.84 ± 1.13 |
| North Carolina | 25,265 (30) | 11.11 ± 1.61 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living as married | 74,461 (89) | 9.51 ± 1.66 |
| Divorced/separated | 2,368 (3) | 9.72 ± 1.67 |
| Widowed | 538 (< 1) | 9.85 ± 1.76 |
| Never married | 5,828 (7) | 9.54 ± 1.64 |
| Missing | 183 (< 1) | 10.80 ± 1.83 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 48,259 (58) | 9.40 ± 1.60 |
| Former | 20,678 (25) | 9.60 ± 1.71 |
| Current | 11,265 (14) | 9.76 ± 1.74 |
| Missing | 3,176 (3) | 10.03 ± 1.76 |
| Smoking status (pack-years) | ||
| 0 | 48,548 (55) | 9.40 ± 1.60 |
| 0.1–15 | 19,595 (22) | 9.55 ± 1.68 |
| > 15 | 15,235 (17) | 9.88 ± 1.77 |
| Missing | 4,464 (6) | 10.04 ± 1.76 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| < 25 | 23,218 (28) | 9.51 ± 1.66 |
| 25–30 | 28,267 (34) | 9.47 ± 1.64 |
| > 30 | 14,076 (17) | 9.58 ± 1.67 |
| Missing | 17,817 (21) | 9.62 ± 1.68 |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/month) | ||
| < 1 | 28,367 (34) | 9.73 ± 1.74 |
| 1–5 | 25,535 (31) | 9.21 ± 1.49 |
| ≥ 6 | 24,784 (30) | 9.35 ± 1.57 |
| Missing | 4,692 (5) | 10.07 ± 1.77 |
| Highest level of schooling | ||
| High school or less | 40,915 (49) | 9.57 ± 1.66 |
| Beyond high school | 39,183 (47) | 9.48 ± 1.66 |
| Missing | 3,280 (4) | 10.05 ± 1.77 |
| Vegetable servings per week | ||
| < 3 | 6,782 (8) | 9.43 ± 1.56 |
| 3–4 | 25,047 (30) | 9.43 ± 1.62 |
| 5–6 | 19,777 (24) | 9.25 ± 1.50 |
| ≥ 7 | 20,366 (24) | 9.79 ± 1.78 |
| Missing | 11,406 (14) | 9.80 ± 1.74 |
| aIowa only. | ||