IL-21 production controls exhaustion of CD8 T cells during chronic infection. (A) In chronic viral models, IL-21 production by CD4 T cells prevents CD8 deletion, resists attrition of polyfunctionality, ultimately resulting in viral clearance. (B) However, in the absence of IL-21 production, CD8 T cells become severely exhausted and exhibit poor polyfunctional CD8 response, resulting in poor viral control and pathogen persistence.