Table 1.
Selected ratiometric Ca2+ biosensors
| Sensor | Ca2+- responsive elements |
Kd’ for Ca2+ |
Hill coefficient |
Comments | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yellow Cameleon series |
YC2.60 | CaM, M13p | 93.5 nM | 2.7 | (6, 11) | |
| Yellow Cameleon series |
YC3.60 | CaM E104Q, M13p |
215 nM, 779 nM |
3.6, 1.2 | High dynamic range |
(6, 11) |
| Yellow Cameleon Nano series |
YC-Nano50 | CaM, M13p | 52.5 nM | 2.5 | Optimized for detecting subtle cytosolic Ca2+ transients in living organisms |
(6) |
| D-family Cameleons |
D1 | mCaM, mM13p |
0.8 μM, 60 μM |
1.18, 1.67 | Does not bind endogenous CaM; optimized for ER |
(12) |
| D-family Cameleons |
D3cpV | mCaM, mM13p |
0.6 μM | 0.74 | Does not bind endogenous CaM; optimized for cytosol & mitochondria |
(4) |
| TroponinC family |
TN-XXL | mTpC | 800 nM | 1.5 | Optimized for imaging of neurons; fast response |
(13) |