Table 1. Characteristics and patterns of anti-hyperglycemic treatment of participants with self-reported type 2 diabetes in the KORA F4 study and the HNR study*.
| Total | KORA | HNR | KORA | HNR | p-valuef) | |||
| Low education | High education | Low education | High education | |||||
| % (n) or mean (SD) | % (n) or mean (SD) | % (n) or mean (SD) | % (n) or mean (SD) | % (n) or mean (SD) | % (n) or mean (SD) | % (n) or mean (SD) | ||
| Total N | 662 | 194 | 468 | 145 | 49 | 329 | 139 | |
| Description of the study population | ||||||||
| Low education | 71.6 (474) | 74.7 (145) | 70.3 (329) | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | |
| Male sex | 59.8 (396) | 57.2 (111) | 60.9 (285) | 52.4 (76)b | 71.4 (35)b | 56.5 (186)c | 71.2 (99)c | 0.0016 |
| Age at examination (years) | 67.2 (7.3) | 68.2 (7.7)a | 66.8 (7.1)a | 68.6 (7.6) | 67.1 (8.0) | 67.5 (7.0)c | 65.0 (7.0)c | 0.0003 |
| Age at diagnosis of diabetes (years) | 58.7 (9.8) | 59.2 (9.7) | 58.6 (9.9) | 59.1 (10.1) | 59.6 (8.5) | 59.2 (9.7)c | 57.0 (10.2)c | 0.1393 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 8.5 (8.0) | 9.0 (7.9) | 8.2 (8.1) | 9.6 (8.3)d | 7.5 (6.3) | 8.3 (8.2)d | 8.0 (7.8) | 0.1725 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 (5.5) | 31.4 (5.5) | 30.8 (5.5) | 31.6 (5.5) | 30.9 (5.6) | 31.0 (5.6) | 30.1 (5.3) | 0.0900 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137.1 (20.8) | 132.8 (20.2)a | 138.8 (20.8)a | 134.7 (21.2)b,d | 127.1 (15.7)b,e | 139.3 (20.7)d | 137.8 (21.3)e | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.6 (10.6) | 74.1 (10.2)a | 77.6 (10.7)a | 74.4 (10.8)d | 73.5 (8.5)e | 77.4 (10.7)d | 78.2 (10.6)e | 0.0007 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)** | 50.9 (10.8) | 51.0 (12.5) | 51.4 (10.9) | 49.6 (10.6) | 51.2 (12.7) | 50.5 (12.0) | ** | |
| Living with partner | 79.6 (527) | 75.8 (147) | 81.2 (380) | 74.5 (108) | 79.6 (39) | 79.0 (260) | 86.3 (120) | 0.0907 |
| Current smoker | 16.0 (106) | 11.9 (23) | 17.7 (83) | 12.4 (18) | 10.2 (5) | 18.2 (60) | 16.6 (23) | 0.2985 |
| High alcohol consumption | 7.9 (52) | 11.9 (23)a | 6.2 (29)a | 11.0 (16)d | 14.3 (7) | 4.9 (16)d | 9.4 (13) | 0.0176 |
| Sports activity <1 h per week | 58.8 (389) | 52.1 (101)a | 61.5 (288)a | 53.1 (77)d | 49.0 (24) | 65.7 (216)c,d | 51.8 (72)c | 0.0042 |
| Previous Stroke | 6.8 (45) | 4.6 (9) | 7.7 (36) | 4.8 (7) | 4.1 (2) | 8.2 (27) | 6.5 (9) | 0.5470 |
| Previous Myocardial infarction | 10.1 (67) | 10.3 (20) | 10.0 (47) | 12.4 (18) | 4.1 (2) | 11.3 (37) | 7.2 (10) | 0.2198 |
| Any cardiovascular treatment | 83.7 (554) | 82.5 (160) | 84.2 (394) | 83.5 (121) | 79.6 (39) | 86.6 (285)c | 78.4 (109)c | 0.1269 |
| Privately health insured** | 6.2 (39) | 8.3 (16)a | 5.3 (23)a | 6.2 (9)d | 14.3 (7) | 1.9 (6)c,d | 13.9 (17)c | <0.0001 |
| Any anti-hyperclycaemic treatment (according to ATC-Codes) incl. multiple treatment in % (n = 499) | ||||||||
| Any anti-hyperglycemic treatment (insulin, oral or combinations) | 75.4 (499)*** | 82.5 (160)a | 72.4 (339)a | 85.5 (124)d | 73.5 (36) | 73.8 (243)d | 69.1 (96) | 0.0065 |
| All oral anti-hyperglycemic treatment | 64.2 (425) | 71.7 (139)a | 61.1 (286)a | 71.7 (104) | 71.4 (35) | 62.3 (205) | 58.3 (81) | 0.0622 |
| - Metformin | 47.7 (316) | 49.5 (96) | 47.0 (220) | 50.3 (73) | 46.9 (23) | 48.6 (160) | 43.2 (60) | 0.6431 |
| - Sulfonylureates | 25.4 (168) | 29.9 (58) | 23.5 (110) | 31.0 (45) | 26.5 (13) | 25.8 (85) | 18.0 (25) | 0.0819 |
| - Metformin+Glinides/Glitazones | 2.3 (15) | 3.6 (7) | 1.7 (8) | 3.5 (5) | 4.1 (2) | 1.8 (6) | 1.4 (2) | 0.4220 |
| - Acarbose/Miglitol (α-Glucosidaseinhib.) | 0.9 (6) | 1.6 (3) | 0.6 (3) | 1.4 (2) | 2.0 (1) | 0.3 (1)c | 1.4 (2)c | 0.2095 |
| - Glitazone (Thiazolidinediones) | 3.3 (22) | 5.7 (11) | 2.4 (11) | 4.1 (6) | 10.2 (5) | 1.2 (4) | 5.0 (7) | 0.0028 |
| - DPP4-inhibitors | 0.5 (3) | 0.5 (1) | 0.4 (2) | 0.7 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.6 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 1.000 |
| - Glinide | 4.1 (27) | 3.1 (6) | 4.5 (21) | 3.5 (5) | 2.0 (1) | 3.7 (12) | 6.5 (9) | 0.4959 |
| Treatment with any insulin | 20.1 (133) | 23.7 (46) | 18.6 (87) | 25.5 (37) | 18.4 (9) | 18.8 (62) | 18.0 (25) | 0.3486 |
| Treatment unknown | 0.6 (4) | 0.0 (0) | 0.9 (4) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.9 (3) | 0.7 (1) | 0.7553 |
| Newer anti-hyperglycemic treatment among participants with any anti-hyperglycemic medication in % (n = 499) *** | ||||||||
| All newer drugs (insulin analogue + oral combinations) | 23.9 (119) | 30.0 (48) a | 20.9 (71) a | 28.2 (35)d | 36.1 (13) | 17.3 (42)c,d | 30.2 (29)c | 0.0056 |
| Any (newer) insulin analogues | 12.8 (64) | 18.1 (29) a | 10.3 (35) a | 17.7 (22)d | 19.4 (7) | 8.6 (21)d | 14.6 (14) | 0.0331 |
| Any newer oral drug | 12.8 (64) | 15.0 (24) | 11.8 (40) | 12.9 (16) | 22.2 (8) | 9.9 (24) | 16.7 (16) | 0.1016 |
* Results are percentages (numbers). Significant differences (p<0.05) are highlighted in bold and marked with a superscript character as follows: a) differences between region; b) differences in KORA between both groups of high/low education; c) differences in HNR between both groups of high/low education; d) differences between region in groups of low education; e) differences between region in groups of high education; f) separate column: p-values derived from Kruskal-Wallis test, testing for differences in all four subgroups (south/west, high/low education). Other group comparisons are based on Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon test for continuous measures.
Abbreviations: KORA = Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg study; HNR = Heinz Nixdorf Recall study; ATC = Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
** Not statistically comparable between the regions due to different blood samples and measurement methods in KORA and HNR and different standard operating procedures;
11 participants missing in HbA1C, 34 missing in insurance status.
*** Percentages based on individuals with any anti-hyperglycemic treatment.