Table 3.

Association of bilateral hyperopia with bilateral amblyopia and strabismus (N=4040).

		Bilateral Amblyopia‡ (N=234)			Strabismus (N=157)
Bilateral Hyperopia† (No/Yes)	N§	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P*	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P*
No	3724	162(4.4%)	1.0		94(2.5%)	1.0
Yes	308	72(23.4%)	6.7(4.9,9.1)	<0.0001	63(20.5%)	10.0(7.1,14.1)	<0.0001
Group 1	134	40(29.9%)	9.4(6.3,14.0)	<0.0001	49(36.8%)	22.5(15.0,33.9)	<0.0001
Group 2	71	15(21.1%)	5.9(3.3,10.6)	<0.0001	7(9.9%)	4.2(1.9,9.5)	0.0005
Group 3	103	17(16.5%)	4.3(2.5,7.5)	<0.0001	7(6.8%)	2.8(1.3,6.2)	0.011
Trend p-value£		0.02			<0.0001

D = Diopter; OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

^*P value is from logistic regression model.

^£For comparison among Groups 1, 2, 3 using Cochran-Armitage trend test.

^†Bilateral hyperopia was defined as most positive meridian >+3.25 D in both eyes.

^‡Bilateral amblyopia was defined as best-corrected VA <20/50 in each eye for 3-year-olds, best-corrected VA <20/40 in each eye for 4- to 5-year-olds.

^§8 children with missing data for VA were excluded.