Table 1.
Baseline descriptive characteristics according to treatment group for individuals with baseline and follow-up DXA data.
| Participant Characteristics |
Exercise (n=95) |
Diet (n=88) |
Diet + Exercise (n=101) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.8±6.3 | 66.0±6.0 | 66.1±6.4 |
| Female, n (%) | 71 (75) | 61 (70) | 77 (76) |
| White, n (%) | 80 (84) | 79 (90) | 85 (84) |
| Weight (kg) | 91.6±13.5 | 91.8±15.0 | 91.4±14.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.5±3.7 | 33.2±3.6 | 33.4±3.7 |
| Total body fat mass (kg) | 36.6±7.9 | 36.5±7.1 | 36.3±8.5 |
| Total body lean mass (kg) | 55.5±11.5 | 55.1±12.4 | 54.6±10.9 |
| Leptin (ng/mL)* | 40.8±20.5 | 36.6±22.4 | 37.8±28.5 |
| Self- reported osteoporosis | 6 (6) | 9 (11) | 9 (9) |
| Self-reported bone medication use** | 24 (25) | 18 (20) | 28 (28) |
| Self-reported calcium/vitamin D use | 55 (58) | 40 (45) | 49 (49) |
| Areal bone mineral density (BMD) | |||
| Hip BMD (mg/cm2) | 968±135 | 981±162 | 962±120 |
| Femoral neck BMD (mg/cm2) | 792±109 | 805±124 | 791±109 |
| Spine BMD (mg/cm2) | 1070±176 | 1080±199 | 1070±161 |
| T-score | |||
| Hip | 0.02±0.95 | 0.05±1.11 | −0.02±0.88 |
| Femoral neck | −0.66±0.88 | −0.59±1.00 | −0.66±0.91 |
| Spine | 0.13±1.54 | 0.17±1.71 | 0.10±1.39 |
| DXA-derived osteoporosis***, n (%) | 2 (2) | 5 (6) | 3 (3) |
| DXA-derived osteopenia***, n (%) | 50 (53) | 44 (44) | 39 (44) |
Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%). Abbreviations: n = sample size; kg = kilogram; m = meter; g = gram; cm = centimeter; DXA = dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
*
Leptin total subsample with BL and 18-month measures: n=116 (E: n=39; D: n=36; D+E: n=41).
**
Queried bone medications include Actonel, Fosamax, Boniva, and Forteo.
***
Baseline osteoporosis and osteopenia classifications were based on a DXA-acquired BMD T-score ≤−2.5 or −2.5<T-score<−1 at the hip, femoral neck or spine, respectively.