Table 2.
Metabolic characteristics of non-diabetic full-heritage individuals by genotypes of the 3′UTR SNP chr7:44184184-G/A
| Characteristic | chr7:44184184 (mean ± SD) | p valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G/G | G/A + AA | Estimate | ||
| Participants (n) | 369 | 33 | ||
| Body fat (%) | 32.9 ± 8.6 | 34.0 ± 7.9 | −0.82 | 0.54 |
| Oral glucose tolerance test | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | −0.05 | 0.68 |
| 2 h plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | −0.15 | 0.56 |
| Log10 fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l) | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 0.87 | 0.67 |
| Log10 2 h plasma insulin (pmol/l) | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 0.86 | 0.93 |
| Hyperinsulinaemic– euglycaemic clamp (mg [kg EMBS]−1 min−1)b | ||||
| Log10 glucose disposal rate | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 0.51 ± 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.19 |
| Carbohydrate oxidation | 2.10 ± 0.5 | 1.76 ± 0.5 | 0.24 | 0.0002 |
| Lipid oxidation | 0.41 ± 0.3 | 0.55 ± 0.3 | −0.09 | 0.01 |
| Endogenous glucose output | 0.38 ± 0.4 | 0.33 ± 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.31 |
| Basal glucose output (mg [kg EMBS]−1 min−1) | 1.91 ± 0.2 | 1.83 ± 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.03 |
| Basal carbohydrate oxidation (mg [kg EMBS]−1 min−1) | 1.42 ± 0.4 | 1.20 ± 0.5 | 0.22 | 0.005 |
| Basal lipid oxidation (mg [kg EMBS]−1 min−1) | 0.71 ± 0.3 | 0.80 ± 0.2 | −0.08 | 0.007 |
| Resting metabolic rate (kJ/day) | 7,314 ± 1,298 | 7,574 ± 1,583 | −8.08 | 0.94 |
| Participants, NGT (n) | 268 | 23 | ||
| Log10 AIR (pmol/l) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 0.91 | 0.46 |
| Log10 30-min plasma insulin (pmol/l) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 0.89 | 0.43 |
| Participants in metabolic chamber study (n) | 277 | 23 | ||
| Body fat (%) | 33.2 ± 8.2 | 33.9 ± 7.6 | 0.08 | 0.99 |
| 24 h RQ | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.53 |
| Carbohydrate oxidation (kJ/day) | 4,589 ± 988 | 4,363 ± 959 | 311 | 0.03 |
| Lipid oxidation (kJ/day) | 4,007 ± 1,269 | 3,866 ± 1,034 | 134 | 0.61 |
| Protein oxidation (kJ/day) | 1,231 ± 536 | 1,281 ± 477 | −60 | 0.53 |
| 24 h energy expenditure (kJ/day) | 9,927 ± 1,700 | 9,734 ± 1,486 | 520 | 3.39 × 10−6 |
| Sleeping metabolic rate (kJ/day) | 7,046 ± 1,214 | 7,138 ± 1,017 | 136 | 0.27 |
| Energy cost of SPA (kJ/day) | 1,562 ± 565 | 1,206 ± 494 | 164 | 0.16 |
Values for mean ± SD were unadjusted. The effect size estimates were calculated as the differences in least square means and were adjusted for covariates
Rate of glucose disappearance during insulin stimulation, fasting, 30 min and 2 h plasma insulin concentrations and AIR were log10-transformed before analyses to approximate a normal distribution
aThe p value for percentage body fat was adjusted for age and sex. The p value for AIR was adjusted for age, sex, percentage body fat and rate of glucose disappearance during insulin stimulation. The p values for resting metabolic rate and sleeping metabolic rate were adjusted for age, sex, fat mass and fat-free mass. The p value for 24 h energy expenditure was adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, fat-free mass and SPA. The p values for 24 h RQ and macronutrient oxidation were adjusted for age, sex, percentage body fat and energy balance. All remaining p values were adjusted for age, sex and percentage body fat
bEMBS is equivalent to fat-free mass + 17.7 kg