Table 3.
Baseline and 1 year follow-up self-reported behaviours by study group and between-group differences in the ADDITION-Plus trial
| Self-reported behaviour | Comparison group | Intervention group | Adjusted difference between groups (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 1 year | Baseline | 1 year | ||
| Physical activity | |||||
| Total physical activity, MET h/week | 78.6 (48.0) | 80.1 (49.5) | 90.0 (55.1) | 95.2 (55.7) | +7.51 (−0.009, 15.0) |
| Recreational activity, h/week | 9.63 (9.81) | 10.4 (10.6) | 12.0 (13.0) | 13.1 (12.9) | +1.46 (−0.40, 3.34)a |
| Vigorous activity, h/week | 1.03 (2.41) | 1.04 (2.81) | 1.33 (3.59) | 1.42 (3.39) | +0.23 (−0.32, 0.72)a |
| Time spent in sedentary activity, h/week | 38.7 (19.6) | 36.4 (17.7) | 35.3 (15.5) | 33.4 (16.3) | −0.60 (−2.57, 1.38) |
| Television viewing, h/week | 24.4 (12.8) | 23.9 (11.7) | 24.0 (10.2) | 23.4 (10.3) | −0.20 (−1.49, 1.10) |
| Proportion reporting change in physical activity at 1 year, % | – | 41.0 (91/222) | – | 74.9 (170/227) | 4.29 (2.87, 6.42)b |
| Diet | |||||
| Total fat, g/day | 68.7 (30.3) | 60.3 (23.3) | 68.3 (29.6) | 60.6 (22.2) | +0.41 (−3.11, 3.94) |
| Fat as percentage of energy, % | 32.0 (6.2) | 31.2 (6.0) | 31.3 (5.7) | 30.4 (5.9) | −0.45 (−1.41, 0.51) |
| Polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio | 0.58 (0.23) | 0.67 (0.27) | 0.62 (0.28) | 0.68 (0.26) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03) |
| Fibre, g/day | 18.6 (7.3) | 19.0 (7.3) | 18.6 (7.2) | 19.8 (7.0) | 0.82 (−0.31, 1.95) |
| Plasma vitamin C, mg/day | 147.4 (71.2) | 145.5 (66.0) | 141.0 (72.2) | 146.2 (66.5) | 3.89 (−6.62, 14.40) |
| Total energy, kJ | 7,966 (2,628) | 7,200 (2,092) | 8,099 (2,757) | 7,446 (2,110) | 188.0 (−136.5, 512.5) |
| Fruit food group (11 items), g/day | 277 (197) | 312 (222) | 266 (198) | 312 (212) | 4.89 (−31.2, 41.2)a |
| Vegetable food group (19 items), g/day | 237 (128) | 246 (148) | 231 (161) | 247 (135) | 4.76 (−19.0, 26.4)a |
| Alcohol, units/week | 8.5 (14.3) | 7.3 (11.1) | 9.5 (13.6) | 7.8 (10.6) | −0.25 (−1.45, 1.24)a |
| Proportion reporting change in diet at 1 year, % | – | 57.2 (127/222) | – | 77.4 (175/226) | 2.57 (1.70, 3.87)b |
| Smoking | |||||
| Self-reported smokers, % | 14.0 (31/222) | 11.7 (26/222) | 15.0 (34/227) | 15.0 (34/227) | 2.63 (0.76, 9.05)b |
| Medication adherence | |||||
| Adhering to hypoglycaemic medication, %c | – | 81.2 (108/133) | – | 85.7 (132/154) | 1.39 (0.74, 2.60)b |
| Adhering to general medication, %c | 73.1 (147/201) | 75.6 (161/213) | 69.5 (148/213) | 78.4 (174/222) | 1.25 (0.79, 1.99)b |
Values are mean (SD) unless stated
aModel residuals showed non-normality, which could not be resolved after log-transformation. Therefore, 95% CIs were calculated using the semi-parametric bias corrected and accelerated bootstrap regression method (with 1,999 resamples)
bResults are expressed as ORs
cAdherence defined as a score of >23/25 on the MARS questionnaire