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. 2014 Jun 11;8:153. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00153

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Copyright © 2014 O'Reilly, Kao, Lee and Fenton.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cognitive flexibility is differently altered by neurodevelopmental insults. Active place avoidance can be used to test cognitive flexibility. (A) One day after training to the initial shock zone, the animals are tested in a retention trial and eight trials in which the shock zone is shifted 180° from the initial location. The ability to adapt to the conflict between the shifted shock zone location and the memory of the initial shock zone location was measured as the number of entries into the shifted shock zone location (errors). (B) Cognitive flexibility is normal in ttxNVHL animals. (C,D) As indicated by the retention trial, both the iboNVHL and GD17-MAM rats are capable of performing the active place avoidance task after 2 or 4 days of training, respectively. However, cognitive flexibility during the 180° conflict trials is disrupted in iboNVHL and GD17-MAM animals. Data are presented as average ± s.e.m.