Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population before adjustments for survey non-response bias
|
Before adjusting for survey non-response |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population | Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | |
|
Participants (%)
a
|
100% |
2.8% |
38.6% |
37.2% |
21.4% |
| Participants (n) |
18,192 |
516 |
7,018 |
6,765 |
3,893 |
|
Mean age |
77.2 |
80.8 |
78.7 |
76.8 |
74.9 |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
39.4% |
21.1% |
32.9% |
47.9% |
38.8% |
| Female |
60.6% |
78.9% |
67.1% |
52.1% |
61.2% |
|
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
| 65 - 69 |
18.9% |
10.5% |
15.2% |
19.1% |
26.5% |
| 70 - 74 |
24.3% |
17.6% |
21.1% |
25.4% |
29.0% |
| 75 - 79 |
18.1% |
12.8% |
17.1% |
19.0% |
19.1% |
| 80 - 84 |
18.3% |
25.2% |
19.3% |
18.5% |
15.3% |
| 85 plus |
20.3% |
33.9% |
27.2% |
18.0% |
10.2% |
|
Income
b
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High |
46.3% |
42.6% |
47.0% |
47.1% |
44.0% |
| Upper medium |
23.5% |
23.5% |
23.5% |
23.3% |
23.7% |
| Lower medium |
16.2% |
19.4% |
15.8% |
15.9% |
17.0% |
| Low or missing |
14.1% |
14.5% |
13.8% |
13.7% |
15.3% |
|
Race |
|
|
|
|
|
| White |
90.8% |
85.5% |
90.2% |
91.5% |
91.3% |
| African American |
4.4% |
4.8% |
3.5% |
4.5% |
5.7% |
| Other |
4.1% |
9.1% |
5.5% |
3.3% |
2.3% |
|
Education attainment |
|
|
|
|
|
| High school graduate or less |
41.2% |
47.5% |
39.5% |
40.8% |
44.4% |
| Some college or 2-year degree |
27.7% |
25.2% |
26.8% |
27.3% |
30.1% |
| 4 or more year college |
30.2% |
26.6% |
32.7% |
31.1% |
24.8% |
|
Living arrangement |
|
|
|
|
|
| Personal home or apartment |
92.1% |
85.9% |
91.1% |
93.1% |
93.0% |
| Other (Long term care, assisted living facility or Other) |
5.1% |
10.3% |
5.8% |
4.4% |
4.3% |
|
Need someone’s help to complete this survey |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
9.8% |
15.5% |
10.7% |
8.7% |
9.4% |
| No |
88.2% |
82.2% |
87.2% |
89.3% |
88.9% |
|
Comorbidities |
|
|
|
|
|
| High blood pressure |
50.0% |
38.8% |
42.1% |
52.0% |
62.5% |
| Arthritis of a joint |
18.9% |
14.5% |
15.3% |
18.2% |
27.1% |
| Diabetes |
13.6% |
5.8% |
7.9% |
13.5% |
25.1% |
| Low back pain |
11.3% |
9.9% |
10.2% |
10.2% |
15.4% |
| Other heart conditions such as heart valves or rhythm |
11.0% |
13.6% |
11.0% |
10.8% |
11.3% |
| Osteoporosis |
10.6% |
16.1% |
13.8% |
8.5% |
7.7% |
| Respiratory diseasec |
10.4% |
14.0% |
9.8% |
9.2% |
13.3% |
| Depression |
7.0% |
6.8% |
6.2% |
6.5% |
9.5% |
| Chest pain or coronary artery disease |
6.8% |
6.0% |
5.5% |
7.3% |
8.3% |
| Digestive or bowel problemsd |
6.4% |
8.5% |
7.1% |
5.6% |
6.3% |
| Any cancer |
5.5% |
6.6% |
5.2% |
5.6% |
5.7% |
| Weak heart or congestive heart failure |
4.1% |
5.8% |
3.8% |
3.5% |
5.4% |
| Stroke |
2.0% |
2.1% |
1.8% |
2.1% |
2.2% |
| Heart attack |
1.7% |
1.0% |
1.4% |
1.7% |
2.1% |
|
General physical health |
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent or very good |
40.9% |
32.6% |
45.9% |
42.9% |
29.5% |
| Good |
37.2% |
34.3% |
33.9% |
38.2% |
42.0% |
| Fair or poor |
18.3% |
28.5% |
16.7% |
15.3% |
24.9% |
|
General mental health |
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent, very good or good |
89.6% |
83.1% |
88.9% |
91.0% |
89.4% |
| Fair or poor |
7.3% |
12.4% |
8.0% |
5.9% |
7.6% |
|
Activities of daily living |
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 - 1 |
72.5% |
65.1% |
76.0% |
75.5% |
62.2% |
| 2 - 3 |
13.8% |
14.9% |
10.7% |
12.6% |
21.3% |
| 4 - 5 |
4.8% |
6.0% |
4.4% |
4.0% |
6.9% |
| 6 |
4.0% |
6.8% |
4.0% |
3.5% |
4.6% |
| Activities of daily living (Summary Score) | 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.5 |
aFor brevity, the percentage of those with missing values for each category are not shown (unless otherwise shown) but were included in the analysis, thus categories may not total 100%. The analysis also adjusted for self-reported number of visits to their personal doctor, year surveyed, state of residence, smoking status and a proxy for health literacy (data not shown for brevity).
bIncome was geocoded based on respondent’s zipcode.
cRespiratory disease included self-reported emphysema, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
dDigestive disorders included self-reported Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis or inflammatory bowel disease.