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Effect of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 0.1–1 µM) on total protein kinase C (PKC) (n = 4) (A) and PKC-ßI(n = 4) (B) activities in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Effect of PMA (4 h, 100 nM) on HBMEC (C) DNA fragmentation (n = 3), (D) caspase-3/7 activities (n = 4) and (E) Bax protein expression (n = 4). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 versus normoglycaemia (NG).
