(a) Synthetic dataset with the simulated signal shown in the inset added to the original data, with a decay time of 0.5 ps. (b) Two-dimensional residual after fitting and subtracting ΔIsample and ΔISVD, colour scale is half that of the panel (a). Low residual values are in general observed, but with significant residual signal present around Δt = 0 where the contribution from the added signal is strongest. (c) Normalized residual χ2 as function of time delay for both the original data (green) and the synthetic data (black). The inability of the chosen model to fit the data around Δt = 0, where the extra signal has been added, is evident. (Online version in colour.)