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Switch on time measurement of a pulsed GDVN nozzle. Two images from a high-speed camera movie recorded at 30 000 frames s−1. The liquid is turned on with a fast valve and the time difference between (a) and (b) is 367 µs. The gas flow is uninterrupted, only the liquid is pulsed. The time is shown on the upper right in milliseconds. The apparent offset of the stream from the centre in (b) is due to refraction in the outer glass tube.
