Table 4.

An overview of the studies focusing on the presence of PDs and psychiatric comorbidity in persons with GID (e.g., transsexualism).

Author	Levine,   1980 [22]	Bodlund et al., 1993 [14]	Bodlund and Armelius, 1994 [15]	Cole et al., 1997 [11]	Haraldsen and Dahl,   2000 [16]	Hepp et al., 2005 [12]	Madeddu et al., 2009 [13]	Hoshiai et al., 2010 [9]	This paper
Diagnostic criteria	DSM- III	DSM-III-R	DSM-III-R	DSM-IV	DSM-III-R/IV	DSM-IV	DSM-III-R	DSM-IV	DSM-IV
Assessment method	Clinical interview	SCID	SCID screen	Clinical interview	SCID-II	SCID-II	SCID-II	—	SCID-II
Sex		MtF-10 FtM-9	—	MtF-318 FtM-117	MtF + FtM-86	MtF-20 FtM-11	MtF-34 FtM-16	MtF-230 FtM-349	MtF-21, FtM-9
Total sample	N = 51	N = 19	N = 18	N = 435	N = 86	N = 31	N = 50	N = 579	N = 30
Prevalence of PD	66%	3 (30%) 6 (67%)	33,3%	18 (6%) 5 (4%) 4% MtF, 3% FtM	8 (40%) 4 (36%) prevalence of PD 19,8%	42%	20 (77%) 23 (23%)	41 (19%) 38 (12%)	20 (66,6%) comorbid PDs 13 (46,6%)
Main results		Mainly cluster B or C PDs	Clusters B (22,2%), C (11,1%), and A (0%)	Clusters A (schizoid PD) and B (borderline PD) most frequent diagnosis	Clusters A 5,8%, B 8,1%, and C 5,8%, NOS 0%	Clusters A 16,1%, B 22,6%, and C 19,4%, NOS 6,5%	Clusters A 2%, B 22%, and C 12%. NOS 16% No differences in psychopathological profile and severity between MtF and FtM TS	Adjustment disorder (6,7%), anxiety disorder (3,6%), and mood disorder (1,4%, 8/579): all were associated with histories of suicidal ideation (in FtM, but not in MtF group)	Clusters A and C (paranoid PD—43,3% and avoidant PD—26,7%). Differences in relation to biological sex in GID group versus heterosexuals (MtF: paranoid, schizoid, borderline, and avoidant PD; FtM: paranoid PD)
Sample characteristics	Patients requesting SRS	Transsexuals, for example, GID (DSM-III-R)	Transsexuals, for example, GID (DSM-III-R)	Patients requesting SRS	Mixed sample, pre- and post-SRS	GID (DSM-IV)	GID (DSM-III-R)	GID (DSM-IV)	GID patients (DSM-IV)